1. Joints & Their Function
Chapter 8:
Joints & Their Function

2. Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial joints in the early 1960s.

3. Fibrous Joints – joints that are created via fibrous connective tissues that are going to allow virtually no
movement.

4. Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
Suture
line
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.

5. Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.

6. Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.
Root of
tooth
Socket of
alveolar
process
Periodontal
ligament
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal
ligament holds tooth in socket.

7. Cartilaginous Joints – joints that are created via cartilage these joints allow a small amount of movement.

8. Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
Sternum
(manubrium)
Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
(a) Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage

9. Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(b) Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage

10. Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
Fibrous
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Articular

11. Figure 8.3

12. Figure 8.4 Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Acromion
of scapula
Joint cavity
containing
synovial fluid
Synovial
membrane
Fibrous
capsule
Humerus
Hyaline
cartilage
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
articular capsule
Tendon
sheath
Tendon of
long head
of biceps
brachii muscle
(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
Cavity in
bursa containing
Bursa rolls
and lessens
friction.
Humerus head
rolls medially as
arm abducts.
(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction
where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone
Humerus resting
Humerus moving

13. Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist

14. Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and
hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion

15. Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction

16. Figure 8.6b Special body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

17. Figure 8.7a–c

18. Figure 8.7d

19. Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.b c d e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Plane joint (intercarpal joint)

20. Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
Hinge joint (elbow joint) a c d e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

21. Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) a b d e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

22. Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
Condyloid joint
(metacarpophalangeal joint) a b c e f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

23. Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint
of thumb) a b c d f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

24. Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint) a b c d e
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

25. (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Femur Tendon of
Figure 8.8a The knee joint.
(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Femur
Tendon of
quadriceps
femoris
Suprapatellar
bursa
Patella
Subcutaneous
prepatellar bursa
Synovial cavity
Lateral meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Infrapatellar
fat pad
Deep infrapatellar
Patellar ligament
Articular
capsule
Lateral
meniscus
Anterior
Tibia

26. Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral
Medial
Patella
(outline)
Tibial collateral
ligament
(torn)
meniscus (torn)
Anterior
cruciate
ligament (torn)
Hockey puck

27. Figure 8.13a The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
Articular tubercle
Infratemporal fossa
External
acoustic
meatus
Articular
capsule
Ramus of
mandible
Lateral
ligament
(a) Location of the joint in the skull

28. Figure 8.13b The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Articular
capsule
Mandibular
fossa
Articular disc
tubercle
Superior
joint
cavity
Inferior joint
condyle
Ramus of
mandible
Synovial
membranes
(b) Enlargement of a sagittal section through the joint

29. Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Lateral excursion: lateral (side-to-side) movements of the
mandible
Outline of
the mandibular
fossa
Superior view

30. Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.

31. A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans

32. A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans