1. Where bones come together.
JOINTS
Where bones come together.
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Joints.ppt

2. Classification of Joints
Structural
Fibrous
dense regular/irregular CT
Cartilaginous
fibrocartilage
Synovial
Functional
Synarthrosis
Immovable
Amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable
Diarthrosis
very moveable
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Joints.ppt

3. Classification of Joints
Fibrous joints, or sutures
Dense regular/irregular CT
Completely immovable.
Sutures in skull
Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdoid, etc.
may ossify in adult
Sutures in coxal bone
ossify in childhood
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Joints.ppt

4. Classification of Joints
Cartilaginous
Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Restrict movement, but with some "give"
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Costal cartilages
hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plates
ossify in late adolescence
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Joints.ppt

5. Classification of Joints
Synovial joints, diarthroses
“freely moveable” ??
Wide range of movement
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Joints.ppt

6. Characteristics of a synovial joint
Synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid
Articular capsule
Outer fibrous capsule
Inner synovial membrane
Articular cartilage (hyaline) over ends of bones
Reinforcing ligaments
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Joints.ppt

7. Articular capsule Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular CT
Attached to periosteum of articulating bones
Portions with parallel fibers = ligaments
Inner synovial membrane of loose CT with elastic fibers and adipocytes
Secretes synovial fluid (viscous, like egg white)
Lubricant
Nourishes articular cartilage
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Joints.ppt

8. Reinforcing ligaments
Extracapsular,
outside articular capsule
Intracapsular,
inside articular capsule
Covered (surrounded) with synovial membrane
e.g. cruciate ligaments of knee
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Joints.ppt

9. Knee (Tibiofemoral) joint ( a complex synovial joint)
Articular capsule with intrinsic and extracapsular ligaments
Articular cartilage
Extracapsular ligaments
Patellar ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
Fibular collateral ligament
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Joints.ppt

10. Knee (Tibiofemoral) joint
Intracapsular ligaments
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial & lateral menisci
Fibrocartilage pads between femur and tibia
Bursae
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Joints.ppt

11. Knee (Tibiofemoral) joint
Bursae of the knee
Deep infrapatellar bursa
Suprapatellar bursa
Prepatellar bursa
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Joints.ppt

12. Stability and Limits of movement
Shape of articulating surfaces and apposition of bones
Ligaments
Muscle tone and tension
Apposition of soft tissues
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Joints.ppt

13. Types of movement at diarthroses
Gliding
plane joints
Angular
saddle,
pivot,
hinge,
ball-and-socket
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Joints.ppt

14. Directions of angular movement
Flexion, extension, hyperextension
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Joints.ppt

15. Directions of angular movement
Abduction, adduction
Circumduction
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Joints.ppt

16. Directions of angular movement
Rotation
Medial or lateral rotation
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Joints.ppt

17. Directions of angular movement
Pronation,
Supination
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Joints.ppt

18. Directions of angular movement
Special movements of a foot
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
inversion
eversion
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Joints.ppt

19. Homeostatic imbalances of joints
Sprain
Damaged (torn) cartilage
Dislocation
Bursitis
Tendonitis
Osteoarthritis
85% of Americans
Erosion of articular cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis
>1% of Americans
Autoimmune disease
Gout, gouty arthritis
Crystals of uric acid in joint capsules
Ankles, toes
01 Oct. 2012
Joints.ppt