1. Biology 211 Anatomy & Physiology I Joints

2. Last week: Defined bones as organs of skeletal system Also organs: joints (one or more types of tissues, all serving a common function)

3. Joints: Classified two ways: 1. What type of tissue connects the bones at the joint 2. How much motion the joint allows FCSFCS No motion = S Limited motion = A Freely movable = D

5. Fibrous Joints: Bones connected by dense regular or dense irregular connective tissue with many collagen fibers. No joint cavity. Depending on length of collagen fibers, may be synarthrotic (no motion) or amphiarthrotic (limited motion)

6. Fibrous Joints: Three subtypes: 1. S Collagen fibers very short Always synarthrotic Only in skull

7. Fibrous Joints: Three subtypes: (1. Suture: Collagen fibers very short, synarthrotic, only in skull) 2. S Collagen fibers longer Amphiarthrotic (some motion)

8. Fibrous Joints: Three subtypes: (1. Suture: Collagen fibers very short, synarthrotic, only in skull) (2. Syndesmosis: Collagen fibers longer, amphiarthrotic) 3. G Collagen fibers very short Synarthrotic (no motion) Teeth in mandible or maxilla

9. Cartilagenous Joints: Bones connected by some form of cartilage No joint cavity. Depending on length of collagen fibers, may be synarthrotic (no motion) or amphiarthrotic (limited motion)

10. Cartilagenous Joints: Two subtypes: 1. S Bones connected by hyaline cartilage Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic Costosternal; Epiphyseal plates

11. Cartilagenous Joints: Two subtypes: (1. Synchondrosis: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic; Costosternal; Epiphyseal plates) 2. S Bones connected by fibrous cartilage Amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic Intervertebral disks; Pubic symphysis

12. Synovial Joints: Bones separated by synovial joint cavity; connected by ligaments of dense regular C.T. Most are diarthrotic Some are amphiarthrotic

13. Synovial Joints: Components: Proximal bone with articular cartilage Distal bone with articular cartilage Articular capsule with: Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane surrounding Synovial cavity Ligaments of dense irregular C.T. Intrinsic = thickenings of fibrous capsule Extracapsular = outside of fibrous capsule Intracapsular = inside synovial cavity

14. Synovial Joints: Proximal bone with articular cartilage Distal bone with articular cartilage Articular capsule with Fibrous capsule, Synovial membrane surrounding Synovial cavity Intrinsic ligament = thickenings of fibrous capsule Extracapsular ligament = outside of fibrous capsule Intracapsular ligament = inside synovial cavity In knee, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints: Also meniscus of fibrous cartilage

15. Synovial Joints: Six types based on structure and type of motion:

16. Synovial Joints: Six types 1. P or G Gliding motion along flat articular surfaces. Amphiarthrotic

17. Synovial Joints: Six types 2. H Motion around single axis perpendicular to long axis of bones. Often convex articular surface on one bone and concave articular surface on other bone. Diarthrotic

18. Synovial Joints: Six types 3. P Motion around single axis parallel to long axis of bones. Often convex articular surface on one bone and concave articular surface on other bone. Diarthrotic

19. Synovial Joints: Six types 4. C Motion around two axes. Articular surfaces of both bones round or oval. One shallowly convex. One shallowly concave Diarthrotic

20. Synovial Joints: Six types 5. S Motion around two axes. Articular surfaces of both bones are: Convex one direction Concave other direction Diarthrotic

21. Synovial Joints: Six types 6. B Motion around all three axes. Articular surfaces of one bone forms "ball" which fits into "socket" on other bone Diarthrotic

22. Synovial joints stabilized by a) b)

23. Synovial joints stabilized by a) Shapes of the articular surfaces of bones b) Ligaments c)

24. Synovial joints stabilized by a) Shapes of the articular surfaces of bones b) Ligaments c) Menisci d)

25. Synovial joints stabilized by d) Muscles and tendons which cross the joint

26. Synovial joints often cushioned by a fluid-filled sac called a b located between the joint and overlying muscles, tendons, or ligaments.

27. Specific joints are described in your Saladin text. In lecture, specific joints will be identified for which you should be able to briefly but accurately describe the structure, including all major ligaments; and for which you should be able to describe the actions.

28. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Flexion and Extension

29. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Abduction and Adduction

30. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Rotation and Circumduction

31. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Protraction and Retraction

32. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Elevation and Depression

33. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Inversion and Eversion

34. Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints: Opposition (and Reposition)