1. Section 3 Joints of upper limb
Joints of should girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
Bones: sternal end of clavicle, clavicular notch of sternum, and first costal cartilage
Articular capsule: strong reinforced by ligaments
An articular disc is attached to the capsule, dividing the joint into two cavities.
Movements:

2. Bones: acromion and acromial end of clavicle
coracoacromial
ligament
Acromioclavicular joint
Bones: acromion and acromial end of clavicle
Movement: rotation of scapula on clavicle
Coracoacromial arch
formed by coracoacromial ligament, coranoid process, and acromion, that prevents the shoulder joint
from superior dislocation
acromion
coranoid process

3. Joints of free upper limb
★Shoulder joint (ball and socket)
Bones: head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Capsule:
Thin and lax, especially lower part
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity

4. Accessory structures Movements:
Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity
Coracohumeral ligament：runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle
Movements:
flexion-extension,
adduction-abduction,
medial and lateral rotation,
circumduction

5. Bones: lower end of humerus, upper ends of radius and ulna
★ Elbow joint
Bones: lower end of humerus, upper ends of radius and ulna
Humeroulnar joint : formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear notch (hinge)
Humeroradial joint: formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius (ball and socket)
Proximal radioulnar joint: formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna
Capsule: thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly, strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments

6. Movements: flexion and extension, pronation and supination
Ligaments:
Radial collacteral ligament: attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius
Ulnar collacteral ligament: attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch
Annular ligament of radius: attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna, surrounds the head of radius
Movements: flexion and extension, pronation and supination

7. Dislocation

8. Joints between radius and ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint: formed by head of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an articular disc
Interosseous membrane of forearm: a fibrous membrane between the shaft of radius and ulna

9. Joints of hand
★ Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
Bones
Carpal articular surface of radius and articular disc below the ulna
Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum, but not pisiform
Capsule: lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

10. Carpometacarpal joints: Carpometacarpal joint of thumb(saddle)
Intercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joints:
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb(saddle)
Bones: trapezium and base of first metacarpal
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and opposition
Intermetacarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints

11. Section 4 Joints of Lower limb
Joints of pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Bones: auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments

12. ★ Sacrotuberous ligament: runs from lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the inner margin of ischial tuberosity
★ Sacrospinous ligament: runs from ischial spine to lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx
These two ligaments convert the sciatic notches the greater and lesser sciatic foramina

13. Sacrospinous ligament
Greater sciatic foramen
Sacrotuberous ligament
Lesser sciatic foramen

14. Pubic symphysis Obturator membrane Obturator canal
Articulation: symphysial surface and interpubic disc (fibrocartilage)
Ligaments: superior pubic ligament and arcuate pubic ligament
Obturator membrane
Obturator canal

15. Obturator canal
Obturator membrane

16. Bony pelvis
Composition: formed by paired hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their articulations
In anatomical position, anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles on same vertical plane, while the tip of coccyx and superior border of pubic symphysis on same horizontal plane
Terminal line: formed by promontory of sacrum, arcuate line, pectin of pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of pubic symphysis
Two portions: a greater pelvis and a lesser pelvis

17. Lesser pelvis
pelvic inlet (terminal line):
Pelvic outlet : formed by tip of coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubic, symphysis
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch, subpubic angle

18. Main difference between male and femal pelvis

19. Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Female
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic outet
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch
90~1000
70~750

20. Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Female
Overall
Narrow and long
Wide and short
Iliac ala
More vertical
More horizontal
Inlet
Oval or heart shaped
Round
Subpubic angle
Acute angle (about 70~750)
Right angle (about 90~1000)
Pelvic cavity
Deep narrow
Shallower, wide
Outlet
Small
Larger

21. Joints of free lower limb
★ Hip joint
Bones: acetabulum and femoral head
Articular capsule attachments
Above: margins of acetabulum and transverse acetebular ligament
Below: in front to intertrochanteric line; behind, to the neck of femur above 1cm above the intertrochanteric crest

22. Accessory structures Acetabulum labrum, transverse acetebular ligament
Ligaments
Iliofemoral lig.
Ligament of head of femur
Pubofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis
Movement:
flexion-extention,
adduction-abduction
medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
Acetabulum labrum
Ligament of head
of femur
Transverse
acetebular lig.

23. Pubofemoral lig.
Iliofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral lig.
Zona orbicularis

24. ★ Knee joint
Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella
Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar bursa, ala folds

25. Accessory structures Patellar lig. Fibular collateral lig.
Extra-ligaments
Patellar lig.
Fibular collateral lig.
Tibial collateral lig.
Oblique popliteal ligament
Fibular
collateral
lig.
Tibial collateral
lig.
Patellar lig.

26. - Intra-ligaments
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciateligament

27. Medial meniscus (C-shaped) lateral meniscus (O-shaped)
Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint may be passively rotated
Medial
lateral

28. Tibiofibular syndesmosis
Tibiofibular joint
Crural interosseous membrane
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

29. Joint of foot Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
Bones: lower ends of tibia and fibula, talus
Articular capsule: thin and lax in front and behind, and supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments

30. Ligments
Medial lig.
Lateral lig.
Movements: dosiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion (flexion); when the ankle joint is fully plantar flexed, small amounts of abduction, and adduction
are possible(wrench)

31. Intertarsal joints
Tarsometatarsal joints
Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints

32. Arches of foot
Medial longitudinal arch: formed by calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of this arch

33. Lateral longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals; cuboid is the keystone of this arch

34. Tranverse arch:
formed by cuboid, three cuniforms and all metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the keystone of this arch
Function: give to foot strength stability and resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves

35. Normal arch
Flatfoot

36. Section 5 Joints of skull
Continuous joints: sutures,
synchondrosis or synosteosis

37. Temporomandibular joint
Aticulating surfaces
Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above
Head of mandible, below
Capsule: thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament
Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within joint
Movement: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted; rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a slight amount of side to side movement is also permitted)