1. 9 Articulations C h a p t e r
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. Classification of Joints
Structural Classifications
Bony
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Synovial fluid
Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts
Functions of synovial fluid:
lubrication
nutrient distribution
shock absorption
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4. Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Accessory structures
Cartilages:
cushion the joint:
Fibrous cartilage pad called a meniscus (articular disc)
Fat pads:
superficial to the joint capsule
protect articular cartilages
Ligaments:
support, strengthen joints
sprain: ligaments with torn collagen fibers
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

5. Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Accessory structures
Tendons:
attach to muscles around joint
help support joint
Bursae:
pockets of synovial fluid
cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

6. Synovial Joints [INSERT FIG. 9.1a]
Figure 9–1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. Synovial Joints Figure 9–1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

8. Synovial Joints Injuries Dislocation (luxation) Subluxation
Articulating surfaces forced out of position
Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
Subluxation
A partial dislocation
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

9. Movements Angular Motion Flexion Extension Angular motion
Anterior–posterior plane
Reduces angle between elements
Extension
Increases angle between elements
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10. Movements Angular Motion Hyperextension Angular motion
Extension past anatomical position
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11. Movements Figure 9–3a Angular Movements.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

12. Movements Angular Motion Abduction Adduction Angular motion
Frontal plane
Moves away from longitudinal axis
Adduction
Moves toward longitudinal axis
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. Movements Angular Motion Circumduction
Circular motion without rotation
Angular motion
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

16. Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

17. Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Rotation
Direction of rotation from anatomical position
Relative to longitudinal axis of body
Left or right rotation
Medial rotation (inward rotation):
rotates toward axis
Lateral rotation (outward rotation):
rotates away from axis
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

18. Movements Figure 9–4a Rotational Movements.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

19. Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Rotation Pronation:
rotates forearm, radius over ulna
Supination:
forearm in anatomical position
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20. Movements Figure 9–4b Rotational Movements.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

21. Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Special movements
Inversion:
twists sole of foot medially
Eversion:
twists sole of foot laterally
Dorsiflexion:
flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
Plantar flexion:
extension at ankle (pointing toes)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

22. Movements Figure 9–5 Special Movements.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

23. Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

24. Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

25. Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 9–8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

26. Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 9–8b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

27. The Shoulder Joint Also called the glenohumeral joint
Allows more motion than any other joint
Is the least stable
Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments
Ball-and-socket diarthrosis
Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

28. The Elbow Joint A stable hinge joint
With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

29. The Elbow Joint Figure 9–10a The Elbow Joint.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

30. The Hip Joint Figure 9–11a The Hip Joint.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

31. The Hip Joint Figure 9–11b The Hip Joint.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

32. The Knee Joint Menisci of the Knee Medial and lateral menisci
Fibrous cartilage pads
At femur–tibia articulations
Cushion and stabilize joint
Give lateral support
Locking knees
Standing with legs straight:
“locks” knees by jamming lateral meniscus between tibia and femur
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

33. The Knee Joint Seven Ligaments of the Knee Joint
Patellar ligament (anterior)
Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule)
Tibial collateral ligament (medial)
Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

34. The Knee Joint Figure 9–12a The Knee Joint.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

35. The Knee Joint Figure 9–12b The Knee Joint.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

36. Aging Rheumatism Arthritis Osteoarthritis
A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems
Arthritis
All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints
Osteoarthritis
Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
Generally in people over age 60
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

37. Aging Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Arthritis An inflammatory condition
Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
Involves the immune system
Gouty Arthritis
Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)
Form within synovial fluid
Due to metabolic disorders
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

38. Integration with Other Systems
Bone Recycling
Living bones maintain equilibrium between
Bone building (osteoblasts)
And breakdown (osteoclasts)
Factors Affecting Bone Strength
Age
Physical stress
Hormone levels
Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion
Genetic and environmental factors
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

39. Integration with Other Systems
Bones Support Body Systems
The skeletal system
Supports and protects other systems
Stores fat, calcium, and phosphorus
Manufactures cells for immune system
Disorders in other body systems can cause
Bone tumors
Osteoporosis
Arthritis
Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings