1. Chapter 2 Arthrology Section 1 Introduction 一、 Definition The bones are connected together by joints or articulations. 二、 Classification of joints 1 The synarthroses(immovable articulations ） 2 The diarthroses(movable articulations)

2. 2 The diarthroses(synovial joints ) 1) The basic structure articular surface articular capsule articular(joint) cavity 2) The accessory structure ligaments articular disk articular labrum synovial fold and synovial bursa

3. Basic structure of synovial joint

4. 3) The movement a. translation(gliding movement) b. flexion and extension c. adduction and abduction d. rotation: medial and lateral rotation pronation and supination e. circumduction

5. Section 2 The joints of the bones of trunk 一、 The vertebral column 1 The vertebral joints 1) The joints of the vertebral bodies (1) The intervertebral disks: annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus (2) The anterior longitudinal ligament (3) The posterior longitudinal ligament

10. 2) The joints of the vertebral arches (1) Ligamenta flava (2) Interspinal ligament (3) Supraspinal ligament and ligamentum nuchae (4) Intertransverse lig. and zygapophyseal joint

12. 2 The joints of the suboccipital region The atlantooccipital joint and atlantoaxial joint

15. 2 The vertebral column as a whole and its movements 1) The vertebral column as a whole (1) Anterior aspect (2) Dorsal aspect (3) Lateral aspect: cervical and lumbar curves → forward thoracic and pelvic curves → backward 2) The movement of the vertebral column

17. 二、 The Thorax （一） Costovertebral joint: 1 The costovertebral joints 2 The costotransverse joints （二） Sternocostal joints （三） The thorax ( thoracic cage) as a whole and its movements

20. Section 3 The joints of the bones of limbs 一、 The joints of upper limb ( 一 ) The joints of the girdle of upper limb 1 The sternoclavicular joint 2 The acromioclavicular joint 3 The coracoacromial ligament

23. ( 二 ) The joints of free upper limb 1 The shoulder joint 1) Composition: the head of humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula 2) Features of structure: a. glenoid cavity is shallow, head of humerus is big b. joint capsule is thin and loose c. inferior part of the capsule is lack of ligaments and muscles 3) The movement → the most movable

24. Shoulder joint (composition)

25. Shoulder joint (capsule)

26. 2 The elbow joint 1)Composition: The humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint and proximal radioulnar joint. 2)Features of structure: a.three joints were covered by one joint capsule b.joint capsule is thin and loose anteriorly and posteriorly c.joint capsule is thick and strong on either side by collateral ligment 3)The movement → mainly for flexion and extension

27. Elbow joint (composition)

28. Elbow joint

29. Elbow joint (capsule)

30. 3 The joints between ulna and radius include the proximal radioulnar joint, distal radioulnar and interosseous membrane of forearm.

32. Pronation

33. 4 The joints of hand 1) The wrist joint (or the radiocarpal joint) Composition: distal end of the radius and the proximal articular surface of the scaphoid,lunate and triquetral. 2) The intercarpal joints 3)The carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints 4)The metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

34. Wrist joint

36. 三、 The joints of lower limb ( 一 ) The joints of the girdle of lower limb 1 The sacroiliac joint 2 The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligments 3 The obturator membrane 4 The pubic symphysis 5 The pelvis ： The greater pelvis and lesser pelvis

41. ( 二 ) The joints of free lower limb 1 The hip joint 1 ） Composition: femoral head and acetabulum 2 ） Features of structure: a. acetabular labrum deeps the acetabulum b.2/3 of the femoral head is enclosed within the acetabulum c.joint capsule is tight,thick and strong and strengthed by extracapsular ligaments d.intracapsule ligment is ligament of head of femur The movement → wide range but limited

42. Hip joint (composition)

43. Hip joint (capsule)

45. 2 The knee joint 1) Composition: distal end of the femur, proximal end of the tibia and the patella 2) Features of structure: a. joint capsule is thin and loose b.anteriorly, posteriorly and collaterally the capsule are strengthed by ligments. c.Intraarticular structures have the cruciate ligments of knee, the menisci and the synovial folds 3) The movement → flexion and extension

46. Knee (composition)

47. Knee ligament

49. Knee (cruciate lig.)

50. Knee (meniscus)

51. 3 The tibiofibular union include the tibiofibular joint, tibiofibular syndesmosis and crural interosseous membrane.

53. 4 The joints of foot 1) The talocrural joint(or ankle joint) 2) The intertarsal joints 3) The tarsometatarsal joints (or Lisfrance ’ s joint) 4) The intermetatarsal joints 5) The metatarsophalangeal joints 6)The interphalangeal joints of foot

54. Ankle joint(medial view)

55. Ankle joint (lateral view)

56. Arch of foot

57. 5 The arches of foot

61. Section 4 The joints of skull The temporomandibular joint 1 composition: head of the mandible with the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone 2 The function