1. Microscopes and Basic Measurement How are they used to study the living environment?

2. Measuring and Units Use a standardized system (metric system) Use a standardized system (metric system) –Meters = length –Gram = mass –Liter = volume

3. Why Use Metric? Base 10 system Base 10 system Easier to convert units Easier to convert units Simply multiply or divide by 10 to change unit Simply multiply or divide by 10 to change unit

4. Prefixes Used to show smaller or larger measurements Used to show smaller or larger measurements –Mega –Kilo –Hecto –Deka –Deci –Centi –Milli –Micro –Nano

6. Important Unit for Microscopes Micrometers (microns) = µm Micrometers (microns) = µm 1/1000th of a millimeter 1/1000th of a millimeter 1000 micrometers = 1 mm 1000 micrometers = 1 mm

7. How Big is a Micron?

8. Early Microscopes Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1670’s) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1670’s) First to see and describe single celled organisms (protozoa) First to see and describe single celled organisms (protozoa)

10. Robert Hooke (1665) Coined term “cell” Coined term “cell”

11. Earliest Microscope?

12. Parts of a Compound Microscope

13. Contain two lenses that cause light rays to bend in such a way to produce an enlarged image. Contain two lenses that cause light rays to bend in such a way to produce an enlarged image.

14. Lenses: Ocular Lens: eyepiece lens Objective Lens: can be low, medium or high power Look at magnification on lens Lower power is smaller in size

15. Letting in Light: Mirror or Illuminator: directs light up through the specimen Mirror or Illuminator: directs light up through the specimen Diaphragm: regulates amount of light Diaphragm: regulates amount of light –Disk with different sized “iris” or openings

16. Arm: connects stage and body tube Arm: connects stage and body tube Stage: platform with opening over which a specimen is placed (clips to hold slide) Stage: platform with opening over which a specimen is placed (clips to hold slide) Base: supports microscope Base: supports microscope

17. Eyepiece (ocular): part you look through, holds ocular lens, magnifies 10x Eyepiece (ocular): part you look through, holds ocular lens, magnifies 10x Body tube: connects eyepiece & objective lenses Body tube: connects eyepiece & objective lenses Nosepiece: holds objective lenses (can be turned) Nosepiece: holds objective lenses (can be turned) Objective Lens: magnifies image, can be low, medium, high power Objective Lens: magnifies image, can be low, medium, high power

18. Focusing: Coarse Adjustment Knob: use on low power only!! (never use with high power you can break your slide!) Fine Adjustment Knob: once low power is focused switch to high power and use fine adjustment.

19. Magnification How much can you enlarge the image? How much can you enlarge the image? Ex: 100x = 100 times as big Ex: 100x = 100 times as big

20. Finding Total Magnification Multiply strengths of two lenses you are using. Multiply strengths of two lenses you are using. –Ocular lens x Objective lens Ex: Ocular = 10x High Power Objective= 45x Total Magnification = (10 x 45) = 450x

21. Practice Find Total Magnification: 1.Ocular 2x, Objective 30x = 2.Ocular 10x, Objective 60x = 3.If Ocular is 10x and Total mag. = 350x What is the strength of the objective lens?

22. Note: Note: As you increase magnification you need to let in more light to see your specimen (adjust diaphragm) As you increase magnification you need to let in more light to see your specimen (adjust diaphragm)

23. Resolution How sharp can you get the image? How sharp can you get the image? Ability of microscope to distinguish two objects as being separate (ex: one cell from another) Ability of microscope to distinguish two objects as being separate (ex: one cell from another)

24. What Happens to Image? Compound Microscopes: Compound Microscopes: –Image becomes inverted and upside down

25. What Happens to Image? When you increase magnification When you increase magnification –Object appears larger –Field of view gets smaller

26. Finding Field of View (F.O.V) Under Low Power: Use millimeter ruler Ex: 1.5mm Convert to micrometers 1 mm = 1000 micrometers So 1.5 mm = 1,500 micrometers (Move decimal over 3 to right)

27. Finding Field of View (F.O.V) Under Medium or High Power Under Medium or High Power Need to set up a proportion Remember!! –As magnification increases FOV decreases

28. Low power Magnification = High power FOV High power Magnification Low power FOV Ex: 100x =HP FOV 500x1500 micrometers 500x = 150000 HP FOV = 300 micrometers

29. Determining the Size of an Object Under a Microscope

30. View and draw object on low power View and draw object on low power Estimate how many objects would fit across diameter of field of view Estimate how many objects would fit across diameter of field of view

31. Divide the diameter of FOV by the number of objects that can fit across it. Divide the diameter of FOV by the number of objects that can fit across it. Ex: Ex: –Three letter “e”s fit across FOV of 1800 micrometers –Each letter is about 600 micrometers 1800 micrometers = 600 µm 3 letter “e”

32. Comparing Microscopes

33. Compound Light Microscope Compound Light Microscope Magnification 40x – 1500x –2-D image, inverted, upside down –Uses stains to see details (may kill specimen) –Specimen must be thin to allow light through

34. Dissecting Microscope: Low mag. 10x – 20x See true image (right side up) See true image (right side up) Specimen can be alive Specimen can be alive Can use tools for dissecting specimen Can use tools for dissecting specimen Binocular (two ocular lens) so you can see 3-D image Binocular (two ocular lens) so you can see 3-D image

35. Phase Contrast Microscope: Phase Contrast Microscope: Uses special filters to show depth without staining. Uses special filters to show depth without staining. Can see interior details of living cells Can see interior details of living cells

36. Electron Microscopes: Electron Microscopes: Much higher magnification and resolution than microscopes that use light. Much higher magnification and resolution than microscopes that use light. Magnifies up to 200,000x Magnifies up to 200,000x Uses beam of electrons Uses beam of electrons Sample placed in vacuum Sample placed in vacuum Cannot view living specimens Cannot view living specimens Allowed scientists to see structure of cellular organelles Allowed scientists to see structure of cellular organelles

38. Other Equipment Centrifuge: Centrifuge: –Separates cell components by density –Whirls test tubes at high speed –Heaviest at bottom

39. Micro-dissecting Tools Micro-dissecting Tools Used to dissect cells Used to dissect cells