1. History of Medicine
Part 1 and 2

2. 8000 BC – Prehistoric Medicine
Rudimentary – cave paintings suggest early humans believed in spirits
Used rituals, prayers and ceremonies to cure disease
Spirit healers would cast spells to treat the sick
Drinking the blood of a wild animal would give special powers to the shaman to treat sickness
Trepanning
Bored a hole in the skull to let out evil spirits
Skulls show that these wounds would heal and that patients often survived

3. Trepanned Skull

4. 2000 BC – Egyptian Medicine First Pharmacists - used herbs and potions
They used many preparations including cannabis, opium, linseed oid and senna
Priests were doctors – used a combination of prayers and herbs
Gods were responsible for the health of different parts of the body.
Mummification of body
Embalmers would carefully remove body organs which were preserved in jars and buried with the mummified body

5. Mummification

6. 450 BC – 300 AD – Romans and Greeks
Age of Reason
Galen – techniques in Surgery
Greek physician
Illegal to dissect human bodies so he dissected animals to find out how the body works.
Hygiene
Link between dirt and disease
Built aqueducts to supply clean water and sewers to remove wastes
Hippocrates
Father of Modern Medicine
Hippocratic Oath
Four Humors – If a person was ill it was because they had an inbalance with their humors
Blood
Phlegm
Black Bile
Yellow Bile

7. Aqueducts

8. AD – Middle Ages
Determined by religion – cures were prayers, herbs and blood letting
Plague
Biggest medical challenge
Started in Turkey
90% of the population was affected
Anesthetics used for surgery
Opiates
disinfectants
Priests were doctors
Traditional cures using herbs and potions
Prayer, repentance and sacrifice were cures

9. Bubonic Plague

10. 700-1500 AD – Arabian Medicine First Medical Book Written
By Ali al-Hysayn
Abd Allah Ibn Sina (Laws of Medicine)
Universal Healthcare
Clinics
Hospitals

11. Anatomical drawing from “Laws of Medicine”

12. 1400 – 1700 The Renaissance
New Lands brought new medicine and new diseases
Hospitals were for the wealthy and they became the first medical schools
Circulation was discovered by William Harvey in 1628
Medical Research
Idea of the 4 humors prevailed
Body was seen as the creation of God
Da Vinci
Dissected human bodies
Made the first anatomical drawings

13. DaVinci’s Vitruvian Man

14. 1700 – 1900 – 18th and 19th Centuries
People’s understanding of the human body increased tremendously.
Scientific knowledge spread rapidly because scientists began publishing their work
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invents microscope
Louis Pasteur discovers germs and bacteria
Microbiology is born
Increased knowledge of pathogenic microbes leads to the development of new medicines
The pharmaceutical industry is born

15. Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope

16. Louis Pasteur

17. 17th -18th century (cont.) Joseph Lister Florence Nightingale
Discovered that septicemia was mostly caused by infections caught during surgery and led to death
First to use antiseptic to clean wounds and surgical instruments
His antiseptic techniques reduced deaths from infection from 60% to 4%.
Florence Nightingale
Most famous nurse
Improved hygiene standards which reduced infections in hospitals
Set the foundations of hospital nursing care that are still practiced today

18. Nursing’s Shining Star: Florence Nightingale

19. 17th – 18th Century (cont.) 1796 – Vaccinations
Edward Jenner developed the first vaccination
He deliberately infected an 8 year old boy with cowpox
Then he injected him with smallpox and the boy was protected by the earlier infection of cowpox
Vaccination was made compulsory
Smallpox was eradicated in 1977 when the last case of smallpox was reported.
Smallpox vaccines are no longer given

20. Person infected with smallpox

21. Ring around the Rosies
Ring around the rosies – praying on the rosary beads
A pocket full of posies – using posies scent to mask the scent of the disease
Ashes, Ashes – how the diseased people who had died were cremated and turned to ashes
They all fall down! – they all die!
Fun, cute little kids song…

22. 17th – 18th Centuries (cont.)
1895 – X-Rays
Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen
X-rays can pass through skin and muscle and are absorbed by dense tissue and bone creating an image on photographic film.
CT scan
Modern day xray machine that take simultaneous xrays from different angles.

23. Xray machine

24. CT (Computerized Tomography) Scan Machine

25. – The 20th Century
Vaccination is widely used for multiple childhood diseases.
Fleming discovers penicillin
Banting and Best discover that insulin can be used to treat diabetes
New medicines are produced every day through pharmaceutical research laboratories
Technology – MRI, bioengineering, artificial heart – first heart transplant performed by Dr. Christian Barnard in 1967, first test tube baby born on July 25, 1978 – Louise Brown, dialysis, cochlear implants and hearing aids
DNA research – Cloning, genetic engineering, human genome project

26. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Machine

27. 2000 and beyond - 21st century medicine
Human genome project - Finding the sequence of DNA for every single gene in a complete set of human chromosomes.
Genetic therapies – being developed that aim to replace faulty genes and reverse the effects of inherited disorders
Ethics and medicine
Modern day outbreaks – Avian flu, H1N1, MERSA
What are the challenges?

28. Human Genome Project

29. Review Questions What is trepanning?
What health problems might have followed trepanning?
Suggest why keeping medical records is an important part of developing new medical advances.
What are the 4 humours?
Suggest how outbreaks of infectious diseases are treated differently now, compared to the middle ages.
What was the major contribution of Arabic medicine?
How did explorers affect the development of medicine and also the new peoples that they visited?

30. Review Questions (cont.)
What were two major improvements in surgery during the 18th -19th centuries?
How did the smallpox vaccination work?
Describe the difference between an Xray, CT scan and MRI.
Suggest some medical developments which improve the quality of health and life, rather than being only life-saving.
Which type of microbe is killed by penicillin?
What are the ethical challenges in today’s medicine?