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Published byJuliet Corser Modified over 9 years ago
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Textile Industry Modified by Jon Konen April 28, 2008 Originally by Denise Ford
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Overview Natural Fibers Cotton Silk Wool Synthetic Fibers History Types Properties Production Methods Fiber Processing Concerns
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Natural Fibers Plant Animal Mineral Bamboo Cotton Grass Hemp Sisal Straw Silk Wool Glass Metal
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Natural Fibers - Cotton History Used in textiles as early as 3000BC Came to Europe in 800 First machine produced in England in 1730 Production Used for clothing, batting, furniture $120 billion business revenue
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Cotton Properties Material is said to breathe Fiber absorbs and releases perspiration Tendency to wrinkle Blended with polyester to combat this issue Takes dyes and can withstand high temps “Principal clothing fiber of the world”
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Natural Fibers - Silk History Silk worm rearing began in 2640BC in China Silk Road in 300BC brought silk to the west Production Used for clothing, fishing line, light armor, musical instruments, rag paper Contested by animal rights activists because larva must be boiled alive
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Natural Fibers-Wool History Used since ~1500 BC in Europe Leading textile cloth before cotton revolution Production Sheared from sheep, camels, llamas, goats Approx. 1.3M tons/year produced Lanolin that is “grease” from coat is used in cosmetics Leading producers are Australia, China and New Zealand
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Synthetic Fibers Nylon Polyester Olefin Rayon* Spandex Acrylic Lurex
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Synthetic Fibers - History Rayon developed in 1890s in France Most synthetic fibers began mass production in mid 20th century in the U.S. Polyester mass produced in 1953 Synthetic fiber production ~ natural fiber production by 2000
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Synthetic Fibers – Properties of Polymers Properties are strongly correlated to size of chain Important properties for fibers Diameter Elasticity Surface energy Compressive strength Tensile strength
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Polyester Made from reacting ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid at high temps Forms PET which is melt spun to polyester Characteristics Strong Resists stretching/shrinking Wrinkle resistant Abrasion resistant
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Nylon Polyamide formed by acids and amides reacting Produced by melt spun proccess Properties Strong Elastic Oil/chemical resistant Additional uses during WWII
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Spandex Polymer chain containing long, soft liquid chains that stretches and reforms using entropy states Characteristics Can be stretched to 500% and not break Stronger, more durable than rubber Lightweight, smooth, soft Shrinks and expands readily
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Melt Spun Process
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Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods Electrospinning
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Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods T. Grafe, 2002
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Textile Industry – Fiber Processing Concerns BOD and TSS emitted in waste water from processing of fibers 265 m 3 waste/metric ton cotton 115 kg/metric ton BOD 70 kg/metric ton TSS Less waste volume produced from the processing of synthetic fibers, but often more BOD and TSS
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Environmental Concerns Cotton Use of pesticides (11% of all) and insecticides (25% of all) 7,000-29,000 kg water/kg cotton produced Nylon Produces NO X Polyester Uses large amounts of water
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Typical Wastes and Costs Most hazardous waste from solvents Dry cleaning Dyeing Specialty operations (finishing) Insecticides Bleaches China dumping waste water directly into streams Cost to treat water $0.13/metric ton
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Waste Minimization Can reduce cost, liabilities, regulatory burden Plan production ahead of time Processing/equipment modifications Recycling waste Organic Cotton No pesticides, herbicides, insecticides Wal-Mart world’s largest buyer
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Conclusion Natural Fibers Cotton Silk Wool Synthetic Fibers History Properties Production Methods Fiber Processing Concerns
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References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile http://www.cotton.org/pubs/cottoncounts/story/index.cfm http://www.asianartmall.com/silkarticle.htm http://www.teonline.com/fiber-history.html http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch06/final/c06s09.pdf#search=%22synt hetic%20fiber%20production%22 http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_textiles_WB/$ FILE/textile_PPAH.pdf#search=%22textile%20production%22 http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/pages/Textiles/Nanofiber%20Nonwovens.htm http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj04_3/p17-23-tsai.pdf http://www.nonwovens-industry.com/research/gneuss--spunbond- manufacture.pdf#search=%22meltblown%20process%22 http://retailindustry.about.com/cs/manmadefibers/ http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/techpag.htm
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