1. CTC-275 Construction Methods
Intro & Earthwork

2. Get SUNYIT email account

3. Many different ways to build same building
How many ways can you build a ham and cheese sandwich?
Types of ham, bread, cheese, toppings

4. Construction methods change when
Materials change
Why thatch roofs?
Why teepees and long houses?
How important where nails to building
Equipment changes
Horses to steam engines to today
Erie Canal was dug with shovels and rock sleds
Steam engines were stationary with belts going from pulleys to the engine

5. House Construction
What materials can be used to build a house and what equipment is required
Wood – hammers, saws, drills, squares
Can also use engineered wood
What has happened to lumber in last 100 years?
Concrete – either cast in place, precast, or shotcrete
Can be above ground or below
Steel
Stone
Brick
Adobe – only need forms
Haybales

6. House Construction
Wooden houses can be constructed using three methods
1. Balloon Framing
2. Platform Frame
3. Modular – assembly line

7. Questions What made skyscrapers possible?
How old is concrete and who first used it
How old are nails?

8. Construction Order There is an order to all projects
What activities get done first
What activities need to be done in a specific order
What activities can be done at any point in time

9. Construction Order Above ground Swimming pools
Remove topsoil & level area 3’ larger that pool diameter
Rake soil to remove rocks and roots
Layout bottom track
Dump sand inside pool area
Level track
Layout wall parts
Roll wall and put on J channel and top rail
Bolt wall, attach skimmer

10. Construction Order Swimming pools
Spread sand inside pool wall – rake & tamp
Attach wall uprights
Attach liner to J channel
Use vacuum to suck liner to wall
Plumb sand filter & pump together w/ skimmer & return line
Attach top coping
Add water
Cut out skimmer and return

11. Construction Order Buildings: Clear site Foundation work
Framing & Siding
Roofing
Windows and Doors
Siding
Electrical - rough
Plumbing - rough
Insulation
Wall finishes

12. Construction Order Buildings: Foundation slab HVAC Ceilings
Electrical – finish
Plumbing – finish
Paint/wall coverings
Flooring
Landscaping
Pavement

13. Construction Order
How far along do you need to be before starting next activity?
On a house – probably one at a time
On a 1 floor bldg – probably 1 activity at a time but depends on size
Skyscraper – 1 activity per floor

14. Construction Order Highways Centerline survey Clearing Bridge work
Earthwork to get to bottom of subbase elevation
Subbase placement
Base placement

15. Construction Order Highways Centerline survey Drainage
Utilities (lights etc)
Pavement base course
Pavement wearing course
Side slope grading
Guard rail
Lights and signs
Pavement Markings

16. Construction Order
Move from one end of project to the other with each activity
Have multiple activities happening at any time
Surveying is a full time activity

17. Start at beginning Earthwork
Moving rock or soil from one location to another
Processing it to meet location, elevation, density moisture content, etc
Efficient earthwork requires: accurate estimating of work quantities and conditions, proper equipment, competent job mangement

18. Equip Selection
Proper equipment has major impact on efficiency and profitablility
Can equipment perform required work
Also look at profitablility, other uses for equipment, return on investment, availability of parts and services, effect of downtime on other construction equip

19. Equipment planning Need to plan to effectively use equipment
Production of equipment
Production = Volume per cycle/cycles per hour
Cycles per hour is based on efficiency of equip
Swing angle and elevation to truck bed
Soil hardness and Soil type
Room to manuever

20. Equipment planning
Cost per production unit = equip cost per working hour/equip production per hour
Table 2-1 show efficiencies

21. Soil And Rock General Soil Characteristics
Trafficability – ability of soil to support weight of vehicles under repeated traffic
Controls traffic on unimproved access roads
Also gives measure of how earthmoving equip will operate
Primarily function of moisture conditions and soil type
Loadability – how difficult to excavate and haul a soil
Granular – high
Compact cohesive - low

22. Soil And Rock Unit Soil Weight Pounds /cy
Depends on soil type, moisture content, degree of compaction
Relation between soil weight and bearing capacity
So soil weight is used as a measure of compaction
Soil weight is also a factor in hauling

23. Soil And Rock Moisture Content(%) = (moist wt – dry wt)/dry wt X 100
Soil sample 120#
Dry weight 100#
MC = ( )/100X100 = 20%

24. Soil ID Boulders Cobbles – over 3” diameter Gravel 1/4” – 3” diameter
Sand 0.7mm (200 sieve) – ¼” diameter
Silt – 0.7 mm
Clay less than 0.002mm
Organic Matter decaying organic matter
Soils classified using these types

25. Soil Classification Systems
Unified System
All material 3’’+ removed
Separates soils into two main groups- Fine grained and coarse grained
Table 2-2, Figure 2-1
AASHTO System
7 classes of soil
Based on suitability of soil for subgrade
Table 2-3
Table 2-4

26. Soil Volume Change Characteristics
Soil Conditions
Bank – material in natural state before disturbance – Bank cubic yard
Loose – material that has been excavated or loaded loose cubic yard
Compacted – material after compaction compacted cubic yard

27. Soil Volume Change Characteristics
Swell
Soil increases in volume when it is excavated
Soil grains are loosened and air fills voids
So 1 unit of soil in bank is smaller than the soil once it is excavated
Swell(%) = ((weight/bank vol)/(weight/loose vol)-1)X100
Soil wt = 2800#/cy in bank
Soil wt = 2000#/cy loose
Swell = ((2800/2000)-1)X100 = 40%

28. Soil Volume Change Characteristics
Shrinkage
Soil decreases in volume when it is compacted
Air is forced out of soil
So 1 unit of soil compacted is smaller than the soil in the bank or once it is excavated
Shrinkage(%) = (1-(weight/bank vol)/(weight/compacted vol))X100
Soil wt = 2800#/cy in bank
Soil wt = 3500#/cy compacted
Shrinkage = (1-(2800/3500))X100 = 20%

29. Soil Volume Change Characteristics
Load and Shrinkage Factors
Need a common unit of measure for earthwork (get rid of calculations )
Can use any of the three measures
Called pay measure in contract
Load factor = 1/(1+swell)
How many BCY can fit on a truck
LCY *Load Factor = BCY
Shrinkage factor = 1- shrinkage
How many BCY needed for CCY
BCY * Shrinkage factor = CCY

30. Soil Volume Change Characteristics
How many 10cy truck loads of soil = 1000CCY ?
Swell = 30%
Shrinkage = 25%
BCY = CCY/(1-shrinkage)
LCY = BCY*(1+Swell)
LCY = CCY/(1-shrinkage)*(1+swell)
LCY = 1000/(0.75)*1.30 = 1735 LCY
Truck loads = LCY/10 = 174 truck loads

31. Spoil Banks Material removed from excavation
Longer than wide – spoil bank – triangular x section
Conical – spoil pile
To determine the size of the bank or pile need swell and angle of repose for soil
Angle of repose = angle that soil on side of bank naturally form
Varies with moisture content and type
Table 2-6

32. Spoil Banks Spoil bank Vol = X sect area x length
B = (4V/(lx tan R))^1.2
H = (B x tan R)/2
B – base width
H height
L length
R angle of repose
V volume

33. Spoil Banks Spoil pile Vol = 1/3 p(D/2)^2 X H D = (7.64V/tan R)^1/3
H = D/2 x tan R
D – diameter of base
H height
R angle of repose
V volume

34. How long would a spoil bank for 40000 cy be if it was 100’ wide
How long would a spoil bank for cy be if it was 100’ wide? Angle of repose = 30 deg
How high can a spoil pile 50’ in diameter be if the angle of repose = 35 deg?
How many cy can it hold?

35. Estimating earthwork 3 types of excavations Roadways Small pit Trench
Large areas
Roadways
Find cut and fill using cross sections
Mass diagram

36. Roadways

37. Estimating earthwork Pit Excavations Area X average depth
Depending on size and ground may break into several geometric shapes to get volume
Give bank volume

38. Estimating earthwork Trench Excavations
V = x sectional area X length
Take x sections every 50 feet and compute volumes between x sections
When estimating don’t forget the angle of repose and OSHA

39. Estimating earthwork Large Areas Use a grid to find volume
V = A*(average depth)
For a rectangle
V = (LxW)(h1+h2+h3+h4)/4(1/27) cy

40. Estimating earthwork