1. A CO(3-2) Survey of Warm Molecular Gas in Nearby Galaxies Rui-Qing Mao ( 毛瑞青 ) (Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing) C. Henkel (MPIfR) R. Mauersberger (IRAM) Dinh-Van-Trung (ASIAA) “Universe Probed by Radio” Sino-German Workshop on Radioastronomy, Kashi/Urumqi, Sept. 7-13, 2005

2. Introduction: CO as a tracer of H 2 in galaxies Lower lying CO rotational line transitions are often used as tracers of H 2. CO(1-0), (2-1) surveys in galaxies Young et al. (1995) 300 galaxies @ FCRAO Braine & Combes (1992) 81 spirals @ IRAM-30m … CO is a good tracer of density waves, spirals, bars, rings. High spatial resolution CO(1-0) surveys in galaxies BIMA-SONG (Regan et al. 2001; Helfer et al. 2003) NUGA (S. García-Burillo F. Combes et al ) NMA (Sakamoto et al. 1999)

3. Introduction: Is CO a Good Tracer of SF in galaxies? L HCN ~ L IR tight linear correlation  Star formation driven L IR CO(1-0): poor tracer? Gao & Solomon (2004 ApJL)

4. Introduction: How about sub-mm CO lines? Better tracers for the warmer/denser molecular gas R 31 = I CO(3-2) /I CO(1-0) is more sensitive to the excitation of molecular gas than R 21 = I CO(2-1) /I CO(1-0) R 31 is expected to be peaked in regions of active SF High J CO lines will put more constraints to the excitation of molecular gas JuJu 1234567 E u (K)5.517335583116155 n c (cm -3 )7.410 2 4.910 3 1.510 4 ………~10 6 LVG model of R 31

5. Mao, Henkel, Mauersberger et al. 2000 A&A Introduction: M82 as an example Weiss et al. 2005 A&A

6. Introduction: CO SED M82 CO(7-6): first time the weakening in CO SED The CO SED turnover can serve as an indicator of gas excitation M82, NGC 253: 6-5 Henize 2-10, BR1202-0725(z=4.7), Cloverleaf (z=2.6): >7-6 SMM J16359+6612: 5-4 Weiss et al. 2005 astro-ph

7. Introduction: Extragalactic CO(3-2) surveys Devereux et al. (1994) 7 starbursts; =0.64 +/-0.06 Mauersberger et al. (1999) 28 nearby galaxies + 1 ULIRG; =0.63 (0.2-0.7) Dumke et al. (2001) Mapping Meier et al. (2001) 8 Dwarf starbursts; =0.60 +/-0.06 Yao et al. (2003) 60 SLUGS cz  1900 km s -1 ; S 60  m  5.24 Jy; L FIR  10 10 L O =0.66 Vila-vilaro B. et al. (2003) 10 eraly-type galaxies Hafok et al. (2003) 16 in Virgo Cluster; =0.14-0.35 Narayanan et al. (2005) 15 Starbursts + (U)LIRGs

8. What’s the general properties of warm molecular gas in various galaxies? Can CO(3-2) be a good tracer of SF? Can R 31 be a good tracer of the excitation of molecular gas? Any correlation between R 31 and L IR, Hubble type, IR colors, merging sequence? Motivations

9. Observations The Telescope: @ D=10.5 m @  = 22" at 345 GHz @ 3100m The Sample: 120 @ Normal galaxies: 49 (S 100  m >50 Jy; Braine et al. 1993) @ Seyfert & LINER: 61 (v<7000 km/s; Seyfert: 41; LINER:44; Sy+LINER:17) @ (U)LIRGs: 10 (Solomon et al. 1997) (Sy+LINER: 8; Sbrst: 1; UN: 1) The Heinrich-Hertz-Telescope (HHT) @ Mt. Graham, Arizona @Early type: 23 @Virgo cluster galaxies: 10

10. HHT CO(3-2) spectra of nearby galaxies. Results I. The spectra

11. Detection rate -- 85/120 (71%) Normal galaxies: 35/49 (71%) Seyfert & LINER: 42/61 (69%) (U)LIRGs: 8/10 (80%) Early type: 11/23 (48%) Virgo cluster galaxies: 8/10 (80%) Results II. Detection rates

12. Results III. The statistics

13. Results IV. The statistics – R 31 ; Matching beam line ratios R 31 (@ 22”, 51 galaxies) ; =0.71 +/-0.05, median=0.65 (Seyfert: =0.68 [0.4:1], ULIRG: =0.77 [0.4:1.2]) ; No obvious correlation to L FIR, Hubble type, IR colors ; Caution: (U)LIRGs: global, unresolved, R 31 / Nearby starbursts: centers- only

14. Mapping needed -R 31 distribution in M82 Weiss et al. 2005 Mao, Henkel, Mauersberger et al. 2000 12 CO(1-0) V-band OVRO + IRAM30m lower R 31 than in the central molecular disk gas properties are similar to the nuclear ‘low’ excitation components streamer/outflow regions

15. Discussion -CO SED of M82 Shift to cosmological distance: M82(total)  (U)LIRGs & @high z Weiss et al. 2005 A&A 3x3 kpc

16. High Resolution SMA CO(3-2) in M51 Strong central concentration Weak north-west arm High line ratio: I 32 /I 10 ~ 2  hot and dense mol. Gas High R 31 in outflow and shocked gas around SNRs in the MW  gas dynamics around the Seyfert 2 nucleus  heating by the central AGN? Common for Seyfert galaxies? Looking for more Seyfert (Matsushita et al. 2004 ApJL)

17. Results V. L CO(3-2) vs. L FIR

18. Results V. L CO(3-2) vs. L FIR

19. CO(3-2) in LIRGs I. The Merging sequence total H 2 content decreases as the projected separation of merger nuclei decreases (Gao & Solomon 1999)  What about the excitation conditions of the molecular gas?  Are these also affected by the interaction?

20. CO(3-2) in LIRGs II. The sample The sample (16) (Lo et al. 1997;2000; Gao et al. 1997;2001) Early Mergers UGC 2369, Arp 303, UGC 8335, Arp 240, Arp 302, Arp 293, NGC 6670 Intermediate Mergers Arp 256, Mrk 848, Arp 55, NGC 7592 Advanced Mergers NGC 1614, NGC 5256, NGC 6090, NGC 3110, NGC 3147 16 LIRGs/22 pointings (5 overlaps with the SLUGS sample)

21. CO(3-2) in LIRGs III. The spectra 12 LIRGs/18 positions observed, all detected in CO(3-2)

22. Results V. L CO(3-2) vs. L FIR

23. Results V. L CO(3-2) vs. L FIR

24. Results V. L CO(3-2) vs. L FIR LIRGs ULIRGs

25. Results V. L CO(3-2) vs. L FIR 60 SLUGS: log 10 L CO(3-2) = -2.4 +/-0.5 + 0.70 +/- 0.04 log 10 L FIR (Yao et al. 2004 ) 28 nearby gals: log 10 L CO(3-2) = -3.44 + 1.08 log 10 L FIR (Mauersberger et al. 1999) 0.58 for CO(1-0) LIRGs ULIRGs Almost linear 14(U)LIRGs+SLUGS: log 10 L CO(3-2) = -3.56 + 1.09 log 10 L FIR (Narayanan et al. astro-ph/0504412)

26. Summary Almost linear correlation of L CO(3-2) -L FIR @ 22” With a power of 0.95 CO(3-2) can trace warm-dense star forming gas =0.71, median=0.65 No obvious correlations are found between R 31 and Hubble type, L FIR, infrared colors at 22” resolution Mapping is needed for the nearby galaxies to make their R 31 compared to that of (U)LIRGs

27. @ High resolution NGC6946 seen with the SMA CO(2-1) in color 2.4" x3.0" Multiple arms Gas lane along bar CO(3-2) in contours 0.7"x1.0" ！ Streaming motion Possible molecular nuclear mini-bar The key issue is to understand the dynamics: ‘ feeding the nucleus ’ Mao R.-Q et al., (2005 in preparation) D=5.5 Mpc