1. Born: 03.02.1945 Education: Study of Chemical Engineering at TU Graz, 1971: Dipl.-Ing., 1974: Dr.techn. 1975/76: Guest Scientist at NIST (NBS), Washington D.C., USA Career: 1978-1993: Professor for Environmental Chemistry at Technical University (TU) Berlin Since 1993: Professor for „Waste Treatment & Landfill Technology“ at Montanuniversitaet Leoben Head of IAE-Institute Memberships & Assignments: Member of the Environmental Advisory Board of the Austrian Government (WASA) Certified Expert Witness & Consultant Member of the EU-Baia Mare Task Force Team Lorber, 18.04.2015, Folie 1 Karl E. Lorber O.Univ.Prof.Dipl.-Ing.Dr.techn. Karl E. Lorber Institute for Sustainable Waste Management & Technology (IAE) Montanuniversitaet Leoben Phone: +43 (0)3842/402-5101 E-Mail: iae@unileoben.ac.at

2. A-8700 Leoben Tel. +43 (0) 3842 402-5101 iae.unileoben.ac.at Franz-Josef-Straße 18 Fax +43 (0) 3842 402-5102 iae@unileoben.ac.at ALMÁSFÜZITÖ RED MUD POND VII O.Univ.Prof.Dr.-Ing. Karl E. Lorber Lorber, 18.04.2015, Folie 2

3. ASSESMENT OF RISK POTENTIAL  Contamination of surrounding environment by leachate and air borne dust from pond.  Red mud spill by dam failure (breach).  Additional risk due to disposal of „composted“ hazardous wastes. Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 3

4. STATE OF ART FOR LANDFILL DESIGN Risk-Minimisation by MULTI-BARRIER Concept  Hydrogeological Barrier: → Proper site selection with safety criteria (i.e. low risk area with impermeable underground).  Technical Barrier: → Technical measures and installations (i.e. base liner system, leachate collection and treatment, capping system, etc.).  Internal Barrier: → Landfilling of non-reactive waste after pretreatment and inertization.  Monitoring Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 4

5. ALMÁSFÜZITÖ: High Risk Site due to non-existing Barrier Systems Photodocumentation: Observed exit of Red Mud at Embankment Dam Slope and percolating alkaline leachate at Dam Foot. Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 5

6. RED MUD POND VII ALMÁSFÜZITÖ Existing Site-specific Risks:  Location on Bank of River in flood area  Location within earthquake prone region  Location with permeable underground of River Sediments (sands & gravel)  No Base-Liner System  No Leachate Collection System  No Capping System (only partially covered)  Questionable Dam Stability Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 6

7. RED MUD POND VII ALMÁSFÜZITÖ  Red Mud is not an inert Material  high alkalinity ( ˞ pH 11-12)  contains soluble compounds (e.g. Na, F, As, V, Cr, etc.)  has thixotropic properties CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation of Pond VII is a must! Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 7

8.  Additional Waste-specific Risk Potential → Covering (Capping) of ALMÁSFÜZITÖ Red Mud Pond VII with „Composted Hazardous Waste“ Local Authority has issued licence (392-6/2010) for capping of Red Mud Pond VII whith layer of pretreated Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Wastes. Pretreatment Process: Aerobic biological treatment by „compostation“ to convert Waste into „Artificial Soil“ used for covering Pond VII surface. Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 8

9. Hazardous Waste: Long list of wastes (161 EWC Code Numbers), 132,000 t/a. Non-Hazardous Waste: Alltogehter 244 EWC Code Numbers, 280,000 t/a. Liste of Waste also contains many inorganic substances. Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 9

10. STATE OF ART FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES → CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL (CP)-TREATMENT Aerobic biological treatment („compostation“) of Hazardous Waste is not at all recognized as sustainable Methode or not feasible for inorganic wastes (e.g. Aluminium dross). „Composting“ of Hazardous Wastes in ALMÁSFÜZITÖ is based on DILUTION with SOIL-like materials and has to be considered as high risk methode. Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 10

11. PROOF:  IR-camera pictures taken from compost prisms are showing no biological activity.  Analyzed samples are having totally different composition compared to compost (e.g. TOC: 2-7.5 % only, but high values for the parameter AOX and evaporation residue). Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 11

12. CONCLUSION  Red Mud Pond VII at ALMÁSFÜZITÖ already is a HIGH RISK SITE because of unfortunate local conditions and the lack of Technical Barrier Systems.  The aerobic biological treatment (or: compostation) of hazardous wastes is not at all a recognized methode and has to be considered as risky and non- sustainable. „DILUTION OF POLLUTION IS NO SOLUTION“  Covering of the ALMÁSFÜZITÖ Red Mud Pond VII with „composted Hazardous Wastes“ definitely will further increase the high risk potential of the location and therefore endanger the surrounding environment. Name, 18.04.2015, Folie 12