1. MARINE FUELS

2. ENGINE HISTORY Year Name Engine Fuel 
1860 Jean Lenoir 2 Stroke Petroleum 4%
1867 Otto & Eugene Langen 2 Stroke Gas 14%
1876 Otto 4 Stroke Petrol 14%
1886 Bentz 4 Stroke Gas 7%
1890 Herbert Akroyd Stuart 4 Stroke Poor Quality 14%
1896 Rudolf Diesel 4 Stroke Poor Quality 25%

3. CORE VALUES Real Reliability Low fuel consumption
Low lube oil consumption
Low NOx emission
Low maintenance cost
State of the art Technology

4. ENGINE – CRITICAL CONSUMABLES
Air
Fuel
Engine Design
Water
Electricity
Lube Oil

5. BUNKER FUELS

6. FUEL
Thermal Cracking v/s Catalytic Cracking

7. FUEL - CHARACTERISTICS
Density
Typical value : 940 kg/m3 to 991 kg/m3
Influence :
• Measurement of fuel - Specific fuel consumption
• Centrifuging efficiency
• Indicates fuel ignition quality (when fuel viscosity is known)
Viscosity
Typical value : 160 cst to 730 cst
Influence :
• Fuel handling - unloading, pumping, separating
• Fuel handling - heat input - auxiliary consumption
• Maximum temperature limitations
• Fuel atomization
• Loading on fuel injection equipments, camshaft
• Indicates fuel ignition quality (when fuel density is known)

8. Ash FUEL - CHARACTERISTICS Carbon residue
Non-combustible, un burnt inorganic material
• Consists of iron, vanadium, sodium, nickel,aluminium, silicon, zinc
• Max. permissible - 0.2% by mass
Influence :
• Vanadium & Sodium cause hot corrosion
• Most affected parts - exhaust valve, piston crown,valve guide
Carbon residue
Carbon content in fuel - left out after complete combustion of fuel.
• Max. permissible - 22% wt.
Influence :
• Fouling & deposits on piston crown, exhaust passages, turbocharger nozzle ring
• Faster deterioration of lubricating oil.

9. Cold Corrosion Fuel – Sulphur effect Piston Ring Surface Temperature
Cold corrosion by formation of sulphuric acid
S+O2+2H2O = H2SO4+H2
Piston Ring
Surface Temperature
Most affected parts - cylinder liner, inlet valve, valve guide
• Accelerates hot corrosion
Faster depletion of lube oil TBN
• Less calorific value - high fuel consumption

10. FUEL - CHARACTERISTICS
Ashphaltenes
Highly aromatic hydrocarbon molecules
• High Carbon-Hydrogen ratio, High molecular weight
• Very poor ignition quality - longer ignition time
• Occurs in fuel due to - Incompatibility caused by blending residual fuel with distillate fuel.
Excessive sludge - Fuel loss
Large size particles will not completely vaporize, leading to incomplete combustion
Deposits in engine exhaust ducts, nozzle ring and rotor blades
Restricted exhaust gas flow due to deposits and leads to under performance of
turbocharger and vibrations
• Major Effect - High fuel consumption

11. FUEL - CHARACTERISTICS
Aluminium & Silicon
• Highly abrasive
• Max. permissible - Al+Si – 80/ 30 ppm
Influence :
• Abrasive wear of piston rings, piston ring grooves, cylinder liners
• Abrasive wear - mostly on fuel injection pump elements, fuel injector nozzles.
Water
Water normally comes during handling &transportation
• Max. permissible - 1% in storage & 0.3% at engine inlet
• Lower calorific value of fuel
• Cavitations in pumps
• Vapour lock in system, pressure fluctuation
Fuel ignition quality
• Larger ignition delay
• Sudden pressure rise - excess loading
• Late burning

12. FUEL - CHARACTERISTICS
Pour point - Storing / Handling of fuel
Sp. Gravity - Fuel consumption - economy
Viscosity - Heating - auxilliary consumption
- Atomization
CCAI value - Starting trouble, Knocking
- Fuel consumption, Deposits
Sulphur - Cold Corrosion, TBN depletion
Water - Corrosion, Cavitation, Wear

13. FUEL - CHARACTERISTICS
Al + Si - Abrasive wear
Na + V - Hot Corrosion
Ash Excessive deposits,
- Nozzle blocking
Contamination - FIP sticking, Deposits
Asphaltenes Stability, Precipitation
Fuel Treatment - Separation temperature
Fuel pr. & flow - System adjustment

14. Hot Corrosion
Exhaust Valve
Piston Crown

15. Sulphur in Fuel LOSS OF FUEL: 63,000 kg/year EXAMPLE:
For every 1 % increase of sulphur in the fuel you loose 1 % in net heat value : 2.1 g/kWh
EXAMPLE:
Output kW
Operating hours per year h
Fuel consumption kg/kWh
kg/kWh x 5000kW x 6000 = 63,000 kg/year
LOSS OF FUEL: 63,000 kg/year

16. Ash in Fuel LOSS OF FUEL: 6300 kg/year EXAMPLE:
For every 0.10 % increase of ASH content in the fuel you loose 0.04 MJ/kg in net heat value : 0.21 g/kWh
EXAMPLE:
Output kw
Operating hours per year 6000 h
Fuel consumption g/kWh
kg/kWh x 5000kW x 6000 = 6300 kg/year
LOSS OF FUEL: 6300 kg/year

17. Classification of Heavy Fuel ( ISO 8217)
Fuel Characteristics Unit Max. Limits RME RMG 380
deg C kg/m
deg C cst
Flash point deg C
Pour point deg C
Carbon residue %
Ash %wt
Water % vol

18. Classification of Heavy Fuel ( ISO 8217)
Fuel Characteristics Unit Max. Limits RME RMG 380
Sulphur % mass
TSP % mass
Vanadium mg/kg
Sodium mg/kg
Aluminium + Silicon mg/kg
CCAI

19. Classification of Distillate fuel ( ISO 8217)
Fuel Characteristics Unit DMB/DMC (LDO) DMA (HFHSD)
deg C kg/m
deg C,max cst – 6.0
Flash point deg C
Pour point deg C 0W/6S -6W/0S
Carbon residue %
Ash %wt
Sulphur % wt
Total Sediments % vol
Al + Si ppm

20. Revision of annex VI of MARPOL 10 october 2008
into a SECA area
Global cap
2010
2012
2015
2020
2025
4.5 %
1.0 %
0.1 % ( distillate)
1.5 %
3.5 %
0.5 % (90% distillate ?)
In october 2008, IMO[1] has decided to modify sulphur levels in (S)ECAs [2] and worldwide (2020 or 2025)
[1] IMO : International Maritime Organisation, part of UNO, in charge of preparing future regulations on international maritime traffic
[2] (S)ECA : « (SOx) Emissions Control Area", maritime area where vessels are obliged to burn low S fuels or limit emissions of NOx. ECA areas are adopted by IMO after submission by memberstates showing an environmental benefit (on cost/health criteria)
IMO also formally accepted « scrubber » technology on a principle of equivalence to the use of low S fuel (EGCS = exhaust gas cleaning system)
Reduction of NOx emissions
Tier III stands for :
ECAs
newbuilds
after 2016

21. (Sulphur) Emission Control Areas
Possible ECAs (US-Canada) most likely to start 2012 or 2013 ; distance 200 miles from the coast
2nd SECA
North Sea + English Channel
started in 2007
1st SECA
Baltic Sea
started in 2006
Other :
Mediterranean ?
Japan ?
???
Existing SECAs (2)

22. Revision of ISO 8217
Mid next year ISO should issue the next revision under the pressure of IMO who wants some «improvements» specially on health & safety issues
What will change?
metal content (Al+Si) 80 ppm  60 ppm
HFT (stability)  change method
H2S = new ! (what level still questionnable ; 2 ppm?)
ignition/combustion characteristic (method ?)
+ some other minor changes
When ? Expected mid-2010 22 22

23. The Sulphur Issue : existing SECA areas
1st SECA = Baltics
> August 2006
2nd SECA =
North Sea + Channel
> August 2007
Le Havre
Rotterdam
Brunsbuttel
Dunkerque
Immingham
Antwerp
%S Global = 4.5%S
SEAC = 1.5%S
IMO Glossary
IMO = UN agency
MARPOL handles pollution of ships
Marpol Annexe VI handles air pollution
SECA = SOx Emission Control Area 23
Total Marine Fuels - COP RF - Mai

24. The Sulphur Issue : before London MEPC 57 meeting april 2008
MARPOL Annex VI – Options
Option 1 - (theoretically admits fuel or distillate)
1.00% Sulphur in [2012…?] everywhere
0.50% S in [2015…?] everywhere
this option means distillate because there will be not enough low S fuel
available (~300 Mt fuel  300 Mt gasoil)
Option 2 – (best scenario for oil industry)
Global S level unchanged = 4.50%
But 0.10% in [2012…?]
this option means distillate in SECAs (or scrubbers)
Option 3 « intermediate »
Global S level lower = 3.00% in [2010…?]
SECAs lowered to 1.00% in [2010…?]
SECAs lowered to 0.50% in [2015…?]
Micro-SECAs (in ports) may be established with 0.10% 24
Total Marine Fuels - COP RF - Mai

25. Cat Fines 1 (Al+Si) on pistons

26. LUBE OIL Functions of lube oil :
Lubricate
piston
cylinder liner
all bearings
gears
cooling water & lube oil pumps
fuel injection pumps

27. Functions of lube oil : Cool piston crown all bearings gears Clean
carbon deposits
dirt
sulphated deposits

28. Lube oil quality - Deterioration
Oxidation
Due to very high temperature
increased viscosity
thermal cracking
deposits in hot zone
weak acids - bearing corrosion

29. Lube oil quality - Deterioration
Contamination
Soot
blow-by
sludge in cold zone
Fuel
decreased flash point
Water
leakage, condensation, separator malfunctioning

30. Piston Crown Deposits
Thickness 0.3 to 2.0 mm

31. Results Interpretation - Elements in LO Analysis
Interpretation of analysis reports by trend monitoring
Possible
Most Probable

32. HPCL MARINE LUBES RANGE : MAIN GRADES
MARINE LUBES – MAIN RANGE