1. Brief Glimpse to Lithuanian Forest Resources Dr. Albinas Tebėra Kaunas Forestry and Environmental Engineering University of Applied Sciences 2014 05 05

2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF LITHUANIA

3. FOREST AREA

4. Forests occupied 2.17 million ha in Lithuania Lithuania has a lot less forests to compare with Sweden, Finland, Spain, France, Germany, Norway, Ukraine, Belarus (each containing 10-28 million ha of forests). Lithuanian forest area almost equal to the forest of United Kingdom, Serbia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Bosnia –Herzegovina and Slovakia. Lithuanian forest resources are more numerous than Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Albania, Belgium, Denmark, Montenegro, Netherlands.

5. FOREST MAP OF LITHUANIA

6. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LITHUANIAN FORESTS Total growing stock volume – 489,8 million m³. Mean growing stock volume – 237 m³/ha Gross annual increment – 16.6 mill. m³ Gross annual increment – 8.0 m³/ha Forest coverage – 33.2% The average forest area per capita – 0.67 ha. The average growing stock volume per capita – 151 m 3. Forests distribution by functional groups: Group I (strict nature reserves) - 1.2%; Group II (ecosystem protection and recreational) - 12.2%; Group III (protective) - 15.2%; Group IV (commercial) - 71.4%.

7. TREE SPECIOUS COMPOSITION The most part of forest (56.2%) in Lithuania consists of coniferous stands (dominated by pine). Stands of soft broadleaves occupy 39.7% of forest area and hard broadleaves - 4.1%.

8. Some European countries (Netherlands, Ireland, United Kingdom, Denmark) rapidly developing agriculture, until the XX century particularly destroyed their forests. Similar process took place in Lithuania also. However, forest coverage was still 20% in the middle of XX century. CHANGES OF FOREST AREA DURING CENTURIES

9. CHANGES OF FOREST COVERAGE IN LITHUANIA FROM THE XI CENTURY

10. In Europe forest area began to increase in the XX century. Forest area is increasing most rapidly in recent decades in Ireland, Spain, Denmark and Italy. Lithuania also belongs to those countries where forests are rapidly expanding. Over the past 20 years Lithuania's forest area has increased 215 thousand. ha i.e. even 11.1%. CHANGES OF FOREST AREA DURING LAST CENTURY

11. CHANGES OF FOREST AREA IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DURING LASTS DECADES Name of the state Forest area1000 ha Changes of the forest area in 1990-2010 year % 19902010 Ireland46573958,9 Spain138181817331,5 Denmark44554422,2 Italy7590914920,5 Greece 3299390318,3 Bulgaria3327392718,0 Serbia2313271317,3 Hungary1801202912,7 Lithuania1945216011,1

12. CHANGES OF FOREST AREA IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DURING LASTS DECADES Name of the state Forest area1000 ha Changes of the forest area in 1990-2010 year % 19902010 Belarus7780863010,9 United Kingdom2611288110,3 Norway91301006510,2 France14537159549,7 Macedonia9129989,4 Switzerland115112407,7 Cyprus1611737,5 Estonia209022176,1 Netherlands3453655,8

13. CHANGES OF FOREST AREA IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DURING LASTS DECADES Name of the state Forest area1000 ha Changes of the forest area in 1990-2010 year % 19902010 Latvia317333545,7 Slovenia118812535,5 Poland888193375,1 Ukraina927497054,6 Portugal332734563,9 Croatia185019203,8 Sweden27281282033,4 Romania 637165733,2 Germany10741110763,1

14. CHANGES OF FOREST AREA IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DURING LASTS DECADES Name of the state Forest area1000 ha Changes of the forest area in 1990-2010 year % 19902010 Austria377638872,9 Finland21889221571,2 Luxembourg86871,2 Czech Republic 262926571,1 Slovakia192219330,6 Belgium6776780,1 Russia8089508090900,0 Montenegro543 0,0 Bosnia-Herzegovina 22102185-1,1 Albania789776-1,6

15. CHANGES OF FOREST AREA IN 1990-2010 YEAR %

16. Changes in forest area are far worse in other continents. Only Asia and North America increase forest area by 2.8 and 0.3% over the past 20 years. Australian forest area decreased by 3.4%, in Oceania - 3.7%, South America - 8.7%, Africa - 10.0%, while in Central America - even 24.2%. CHANGES OF FOREST AREA IN OTHER CONTINENTS DURING LASTS DECADES

17. The fastest declining forests in North Korea, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Ghana, Honduras, Uganda, Niger, Burundi, Mauritania, Nigeria and Togo. Generally around the World forest cover decreased by 135 million ha - 3.2% from 1990 to 2010. CHANGES OF FOREST AREAS IN OTHER CONTINENTS DURING LASTS DECADES

18. LOGGING INTENSITY

19. Logging intensity of different countries varies greatly. It depends on many factors: forest resource structure, the geographical location of forests, national economy, the culture of forestry, public approach to forests. LOGGING INTENSITY

20. Logging intensity is very high in Portugal, India, Ireland during lasts years. Every year, these countries cut 4-7% of wood recourses. Belgium, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, United Kingdom cut 2.5 to 2.8% of wood recourses. LOGGING INTENSITY

21. Lithuania belongs to the countries in which logging intensity is low. Lithuania is cutting 1,5% of wood recourses every year. Similar logging intensity are in Poland, Netherlands, Austria, Slovakia, Estonia, Switzerland. LOGGING INTENSITY

22. LOGGING INTENSITY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Name of the state Round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 Logging intensity %/year. Portugal 125787321867,2 India 4595726075254895,6 Ireland 289025743,9 Finland 55152593321892,8 Belgium 37896001682,6 Latvia 1312932306332,6 Sweden 755391082633582,6 United Kingdom 91493523792,5 France 332952909925842,4 Czech Republic 1678614877692,4

23. LOGGING INTENSITY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Name of the state Round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 Logging intensity %/year. North Korea172566263602,3 Germany587881654834922,2 Denmark123110801082,1 Poland35572463520492,0 Spain1582717609121,9 Netherland934343701,8 Hungary345229433591,8 Austria15488441411351,8 Slovakia82604065141,7 Chile360321424029971,7

24. LOGGING INTENSITY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Name of the state Round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 Logging intensity %/year. Lithuania544614524701,5 Estonia 456515904491,4 Switzerland 454412504281,4 USA 48100651101470881,1 Norway 887715829871,1 Croatia 307711814101,0 Greece 68911951851,0 Luxembourg 22614260,9 Bulgaria 377219386560,9 Ukraine11387529021190,8

25. LOGGING INTENSITY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Name of the state Round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 Logging intensity %/year. Slovenia23688684160,8 Italy3499654213840,7 Canada2140573251329830,7 Argentina11046448929310,5 Belarus6571107415800,5 South Korea22782936050,4 Albania27164750,3 Russia13487050905815230,2 Brazil1170481225731262210,2 Georgia1116664670,2

26. ROUND WOOD STRUCTURE

27. 40-50 years ago for fuel wood was consumed 50- 60% of the annual production of round wood in Lithuania. At present for fuel wood are consumed 21% of the annual production of round wood in Lithuania. Similar amount of fuel wood is consumed in Latvia, Switzerland, Germany and Austria at present. However, in different countries of the world, this figure varies in very wide range - from 1 to 90%. ROUND WOOD STRUCTURE

28. Name of the state Industrial round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Fuel wood % Ireland2890251 Canada21405732511 United Kingdom91493524 Slovakia82604065 Portugal125787325 Luxembourg 226146 Czech Republic1678614878 USA4810065110110 Finland55152593310 Spain15827176010

29. ROUND WOOD STRUCTURE Name of the state Industrial round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Fuel wood % South Korea227829311 Poland35572463512 Sweden755391082613 Belgium378960014 Belarus6571107414 Norway8877158215 Latvia13129323020 Lithuania5446145221 Switzerland 4544125022 Germany587881654822

30. ROUND WOOD STRUCTURE Name of the state Industrial round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Fuel wood % Austria15488441422 Estonia4565159026 Slovenia236886827 Netherland93434327 Russia1348705090527 Croatia3077118128 Chile360321424028 Argentina11046448929 Bosnia - Herzogovina3006133731 Ukraine11387529032

31. ROUND WOOD STRUCTURE Name of the state Industrial round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Fuel wood % Bulgaria3772193834 Hungary3452294346 France332952909947 Denmark1231108047 Azerbaijan4450 Brazil11704812257351 Montenegro22130558 Greece689119563 Italy3499654265 Makedonia13248078

32. ROUND WOOD STRUCTURE Name of the state Industrial round wood removals thous. m 3 /year Removals of fuel wood thous. m 3 /year Fuel wood % North Korea1725662679 India4595726075285 Georgia 11166686 Albania2716486 Armenia117687 Moldova4129988

33. What are the prospect of Lithuanian forest logging?

34. Structure of Pine stands age Visi valstybinės reikšmės miškai III-IV miško grupės * Išjungti: žemo našumo (Va, b bonitetas) medynai ir medynai (nustatyti SMI) su įvairiais naudojimo apribojimais (KMB, saugomos lizdavietės, mokslinio tyrimo bareliai, paveldo objektas, etaloninis medynas ir kt.) Miško grupė Kirtimo amžius, m. (nuo) Brandžių medynų vidutinis amžius, m. 20002006 III 111131127 IV 101117115 Brandžių medynų plotas*: 2006 m. - 25,6 tūkst. ha 2000 m. – 18,8 tūkst. ha

35. Structure of Spruce stands age Brandžių medynų plotas*: 2006 m. – 41,1 tūkst. ha 2000 m. – 53,8 tūkst. ha Visi valstybinės reikšmės miškai III-IV miško grupės * Išjungti: žemo našumo (Va, b bonitetas) medynai ir medynai (nustatyti SMI) su įvairiais naudojimo apribojimais (KMB, saugomos lizdavietės, mokslinio tyrimo bareliai, paveldo objektas, etaloninis medynas ir kt.) Miško grupė Kirtimo amžius, m. (nuo) Brandžių medynų vidutinis amžius, m. 20002006 III 819695 IV 718685

36. Structure of Birch stands age Brandžių medynų plotas*: 2006 m. – 48,0 tūkst. ha 2000 m. – 40,2 tūkst. ha Visi valstybinės reikšmės miškai III-IV miško grupės * Išjungti: žemo našumo (Va, b bonitetas) medynai ir medynai (nustatyti SMI) su įvairiais naudojimo apribojimais (KMB, saugomos lizdavietės, mokslinio tyrimo bareliai, paveldo objektas, etaloninis medynas ir kt.) Miško grupė Kirtimo amžius, m. (nuo) Brandžių medynų vidutinis amžius, m. 20002006 III 61 74 IV 73

37. FOREST PRODUCTIVITY

38. Lithuanian forests are among the most productive worldwide. The mean growing stock volume - 237 m³/ha. According to this indicator Lithuanian forests are in ninth place in Europe and fourteenth in the World (out of 232 countries). FOREST PRODUCTIVITY

39. Position by forest productivity Name of state The mean growing stock volume m 3 /ha Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 1New Zealand4343586 2 French Guiana 3502829 3 Switzerland 345428 4 Slovenia 332416 5 Germany 3153492 6 Cameroon 3086141 7 Luxembourg 29926 8 Austria 2921135 9 Czech Republic 290769 10Slovakia266514

40. FOREST PRODUCTIVITY Position by forest productivity Name of state The mean growing stock volume m 3 /ha Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 11 Ivory Coast 2532632 12 Belgium 248168 13 Brazil 243126221 14 Lithuania 237490 15 Congo 23035473 16 Suriname 2303389 17 Gabon 2234895 18 Poland 2192049 19 Ukraine 2182119 20Croatia213410

41. FOREST PRODUCTIVITY Position by forest productivity Name of state The mean growing stock volume m 3 /ha Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 21 Romania 2121390 26 Estonia 203449 28 Denmark 199108 30 Netherlands 19270 33 Latvia 189633 35Belarus1831580 39Hungary177359 45Bulgaria167656 49France1622584 54USA15547088

42. FOREST PRODUCTIVITY Position by forest productivity Name of state The mean growing stock volume m 3 /ha Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 56Serbia153415 57Italy1511384 64Montenegro13372 65United Kingdom132379 74Sweden1193358 78Canada10632983 82Ireland10174 83Russia10181523 85Finland992189 86Norway98987

43. FOREST PRODUCTIVITY Position by forest productivity Name of state The mean growing stock volume m 3 /ha Total growing stock volume mill. m 3 95India805489 103 China 7114684 115Portugal54186 116Cyprus519 117Spain50912 123Greece47185

44. FOREST BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION

45. Lithuanian biodiversity consists of over: 20,000 animals, 6,000 fungi, 1,800 species of plants FOREST BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION

46. Primary forests are the best for biodiversity abundance. About one-third of the world's forests are classified as primary forests, but in Lithuania (as well as throughout Europe) they almost extinct. FOREST BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION

47. Lithuania - one of the few European Union countries, which has preserved large natural forest areas. Lithuania in natural forests are 3-5 times richer than many other EU countries. Natural forests in Lithuania take place of 500 thousand hectares of total forest area. FOREST BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION

49. FOREST AREA FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

50. FOREST FIRES

51. Forest fires on Earth has increased 10 times over the past 500 years. 400 thousand fires rise in our planet every year. They affect about 0.5 % of forest area. Fires affect on 0.5 - 0.6 million hectares of forest every year in Europe. FOREST FIRES

52. Increasing of the number of fires linked to the Earth's population growth, mobility of people, intensifying industrial activities, global warming. FOREST FIRES

53. Statistics of forest fires collected from the 1919 in Lithuania. Earlier (80-90 year ago) fires were fewer, but burned large tracts of woodland. The average area per fire were about 34 ha Forest fires increased by 2.6 times during 90 year in Lithuania, however burned area decreased 7.5 times and area of one fire decreased 20 times. FOREST FIRES

54. This meant that from the middle of twentieth century Lithuania has created a good forest fire protection system, which created the prerequisites for localized fires in small areas and quickly extinguish them. FOREST FIRES

55. THE AVERAGE AREA OF FOREST FIRE IN LITHUANIA AND EU COUNTRIES (1992-2010)

56. FORESTRY SPECIALIST TRAINING

57. Currently, in the Lithuanian forestry sector there are about 9 thousand employees. Forest enterprises has about 3.8 thousand. employees. Of these, about 2 thousand specialists. The majority of these specialists have completed the required education in Lithuanian Agricultural University or in Kaunas Forestry and Environmental Engineering University of Applied Sciences. FORESTRY SPECIALIST TRAINING

58. LAU and KFEIUAS prepared annually 150 specialists, i.e., about 70-80 specialists per million hectares of forests. More specialists are prepared in EU countries like Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Slovakia, Spain and others. Approximately the same number of specialists as in Lithuania are held in Poland, Switzerland, Latvia, the United Kingdom. FORESTRY SPECIALIST TRAINING

59. This number of trained specialists is enough (even too much) to organize forestry activities. The higher proportion (up to 100 specialists completing master's and bachelor's degree), is being prepared for LAU. In the last 50 years their number has increased about 3 times. KFEIUAS is preparing 50-60 specialists annually. FORESTRY SPECIALIST TRAINING

60. THE NUMBER OF TRAINED FORESTRY SPECIALISTS (M. Sc., B. Sc, and Technicians), IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (2010) Name of the state The number of trained specialists (total) Forest area 1000 ha Number of specialists per million hectares of forests Netherlands 194365532 Ukraine 35639705367 Belgium 179678264 China 54339206861263 Czech Republic 6362657239 Denmark 123544226 Republic of Korea 13106222211 Slovakia 3791933196 Spain 251718173139 Serbia 3162713116

61. THE NUMBER OF TRAINED FORESTRY SPECIALISTS (M. Sc., B. Sc, and Technicians), IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (2010) Name of the state The number of trained specialists (total) Forest area 1000 ha Number of specialists per million hectares of forests Bulgaria 4363927111 Romania 7046573107 Hungary 173202985 Poland 747933780 Switzerland 98124079 Lithuania165216076 Latvia 242335472 United Kingdom 190288166 Belarus 504863058 Ireland 4373958

62. THE NUMBER OF TRAINED FORESTRY SPECIALISTS (M. Sc., B. Sc, and Technicians), IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (2010)) Name of the state The number of trained specialists (total) Forest area 1000 ha Number of specialists per million hectares of forests Italy 496914954 Slovenia 65125352 Estonia 106221748 Portugal 148345643 Croatia 77192040 Japan 7752497931 Austria 112388729 France 4031595425 Finland 4272215719 USA 522130402217

63. THE NUMBER OF TRAINED FORESTRY SPECIALISTS (M. Sc., B. Sc, and Technicians), IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (2010) Name of the state The number of trained specialists (total) Forest area 1000 ha Number of specialists per million hectares of forests Russia 1250080909015 Sweden 123282034 Brazil 15015195223 Norway 27100653 Argentina 37294001,3

64. NUMBER OF LAU AND KFEIUAS GRADUATES 1960-2010 m.

65. FORESTS MANAGEMENT

66. POLITICAL MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS Department of forests  Ministry of environment Department of forests (~ 20 employees) Determine forest policy National board of forestry  Ministry of environment National board of forestry (~ 170 employees) Carry out national forest inventory and create forest informational system, Control forestry activity of all forests, Investigate forest healthy and estimate way to improve it, Supervises forest seed orchards, supervises seed quality control.  General forest enterprise (~ 35 employees) Coordinate activity of state forest enterprises  National board of protected areas (~ 25 employees) Coordinate activity of state institutions of protected areas

67. FOREST ADMINISTRATORS AND OWNERS  State forest enterprises (~ 2 000 employees) 42 enterprises administrate 50 % of the forest.  Private forest owners (~ 245 000 owners) Occupy 38 % of the forest.

68. INSTITUTIONS OF PROTECTED AREAS INSTITUTIONS OF PROTECTED AREAS (Works in the territory of state forest enterprises and private forests)  National parks (~ 100 employees) 4 national parks and 1 historical national park  Regional parks (~ 150 employees) 30 regional parks  Strict reserves (~ 50 employees) 6 strict reserves

69. CONTRACTORS OF FORESTRY WORKS CONTRACTORS OF FORESTRY WORKS (Forest felling, forest plantation, thinning)  Small enterprises (~ 3000 forest workers) About 300 enterprises (5-20 forest workers in each enterprise)  Normal enterprises (~ 1000 skilled forest workers) About 30 enterprises (has modern forest machinery and 30-40 skilled forest workers in each enterprise)

70. FOREST OWNERS’ INSTITUTIONS  Forest owners’ associations (~ 15 employees) 2 associations  Forest owners’ cooperatives (~ 150 employees) 10 cooperatives

71. FOREST RESEARCH AND PREPARING OF SKILLED FOREST SPECIALISTS  Lithuanian University of Agriculture Faculty of Forestry and Ecology (~ 20 teachers) Every year prepare ~ 100 forestry specialists highest qualification Carry out forest research  Kaunas Forestry and Environment Engineering University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Forestry and Landscape Architecture (~ 20 teachers Every year prepare ~ 60 forestry specialists of high qualification, Carry out forest research, Organize refresher course for forestry specialists and private forest owners Every year prepare ~ 20 skilled forest workers and ~ 150 forest sawyers  State forest research institute (~ 40 researchers) Carry out forest research

72. FOREST INVENTORY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANNING INSTITUTIONS  State Forest survey service (~ 35 employees) Carry out national forest inventory, create forest informational system  State forest management planning institute (~ 150 employees) Makes projects for forest management  Private forest management planning institutions (~ 100 employees) Makes projects for forest management

73. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Dr. Albinas Tebėra a.tebera@kmaik.lm.lt Kaunas Forestry and Environmental Engineering University of Applied Sciences Liepų g. 1, Girionys, Kauno raj. Lithuania Tel. +370 37 383 138, Fax. +370 37 383 140 Fax. +370 37 383 140 http://www.kmaik.lt www.kmaik.lt