1. M ANGROVE E COSYSTEM M APPING IN T HE L IMPOPO R IVER B ASIN E STUARY Sérgio Adriano M. D. Maló Natural Resources Management & GIS Specialist E-mail: sergio.malo@uem.mz or malo_gis@yahoo.comsergio.malo@uem.mz malo_gis@yahoo.com

2. P RESENTATION C ONTENTS Introduction and background Study area Objectives Methods Limpopo river estuary land use and cover Mangrove degradetion factors Mangrove ecosystem use and impact on community livelihood Final remarks

3. I NTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Mangroves are highly productive, biodiversity rich forest ecosystems adapted to survive in the harsh interface between land and sea. Products and eco-services : timber, fire wood, construction materials, habitat for fisheries, coast lines protection from tsunamis, storm surges and erosion; carbon sequestration. An estimated 35 600 k m 2 were lost between 1980 and 2005, and the annual rate of loss between 2000 and 2005 was 0.66%. Climate change will may affect mangroves: changes in sea-level and high water events (floods).

4. I NTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The Limpopo river estuary mangrove is proved to be vulnerable to extreme weather events (floods) and most likely to be affected by expected climate change impact. The mangrove have been destroyed by the 2000 floods and very poor regeneration is been observed. José (2009) and Balidy et al (2005) suggests as possible causes: the change in the structure and composition of the substrate and hydrological system conditions.

5. S TUDY AREA The Limpopo river basin catchment lies over 416,000 Km² and has over 14 million residents living in it. The study area: from the Limpopo month up to Lumane and Limpopo rivers junction: 24 de Julho, Zimilene and Salvador Allende communities. Total population: 17,212 residents according to 2007 census.

6. O BJECTIVES Over all objective : To do the mangrove ecosystem mapping for better understanding of their lose area and their potential impacts on local communities livelihood, particularly those located in surrounding areas of mangrove forest as well as identify the ecosystem degradation factors. Specific objectives : Analyse the Limpopo river estuary land use and cover pattern To identify the mangrove degradetion factors To identity the impact of mangrove ecosystem use on local community livelihood

7. M ETHODS Literature review Environmental history approach (key informants and RS) Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) Google Earth images of the study area were used to detect changes in land use and land cover between 2003 and 2010 (08/09/2003 and 21/02/2010). The visual interpretation technique. Interviews: key informants and environmental experts. Field visits (Focus groups discussion and participatory mapping). 2003 2010

8. L IMPOPO RIVER ESTUARY LAND USE AND COVER Mangrove degradeted: 1,102.44 (2003) to 1,114.55 (2010) difference: -12.11 Mangrove in good condition: 200.24 (2003) to 188.13 (2010) difference: 12.11 2003 2010

9. L IMPOPO RIVER ESTUARY LAND USE AND COVER Land Use Hec (Land use 2003) Hec (Land use 2010)Change Air Field3.77 0.00 Beach200.59261.63-61.04 Crop and Livestock production7,442.36 0.00 Human Settlements3,271.17 0.00 Mangrove Degradeted1,102.441,114.55-12.11 Mangrove in good condition200.24188.1312.11 Rain feed agriculture and woodland3,869.273,866.143.13 River876.74819.3757.37 Sand Dunes with Vegetation179.40178.860.54 Sand Dunes without vegetation9.96 0.00 Tourism112.50 0.00 17,268.4217,268.430.00

10. M ANGROVE DEGRADATION FACTORS 1) Decreasing of water and solid (mud/clay) flows; 2) During the 2000 floods the mangrove and the estuary area was overwhelmed by a large volume of sediment that altered soil conditions for the mangrove development (IUCN & MICOA, 2011); 3) Expected climate change impact Vs anthropogenic use; 4) It is important do consider local people involvement on mangrove conservation measures.

11. M ANGROVE ECOSYSTEM USE AND IMPACT ON COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD The livelihood assets that support both adaptative capacity and resilience are: Natural Physical Financial Social

12. M ANGROVE ECOSYSTEM USE AND IMPACT ON COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD Natural assets : Terrestrial land: agriculture, livestock ( 7,442.36) and Human settlements use. The land supports subsistence agriculture (rice and maize); Around 1,302.68 hectares of mangrove forestry Benefits from mangrove including disaster reduction, protection of agricultural land trough the salt absorption and potential for aquaculture and carbon sequestration exploration. Only 188,13 hec of mangrove is in good condition and around 1,114.55 degradated Len of Limpopo River and tributaries (Lumane River).

13. M ANGROVE ECOSYSTEM USE AND IMPACT ON COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD Physical assets: Road access to the main roads trough an unpaved road that provides connection to the markets, This road is difficult to use in rain season and this is a limitation for this region. The study area has a primary school facility that is a potential for economic mobility trough education. In Chilaulene (Salvador Allende) village there is a heath facility that provide a basic health care services.

14. M ANGROVE ECOSYSTEM USE AND IMPACT ON COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD Financial assets: There is no bank or formal credit system that can provide investment opportunities in diversifying the income generation activities. Opportunities for fish market and aquaculture

15. M ANGROVE ECOSYSTEM USE AND IMPACT ON COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD Social assets : The CDS-ZC is enabling the environment for community associations for mangrove conservation activities trough a Community Based Conservation initiative. CDS-ZC is implementing mangrove restoration activity with collaboration of the local community. This will create opportunity to respond to changes with collaborative actions as well as channels for information dissemination and awareness raising.

16. F INAL REMARKS Mangrove degradeted: 1,102.44 (2003) to 1,114.55 (2010) difference: -12.11 Mangrove in good condition: 200.24 (2003) to 188.13 (2010) difference: 12.11 The Zongoene local community recognizes the mangrove conservation importance The linkage with their natural livelihood assets that mangroves provides. Degradetions factores: Natural: floods; poor generation rate (soils conditions); human actions (timber and firewood); climate change?

17. F INAL REMARKS The mangrove ecosystem and surrounding wetlands supports around 17,212 inhabitants. The livelihood assets that support both adaptative capacity and resilience are: Natural assets; Physical assets; Financial assets and Social assets If the mangrove is not there, there will be less agriculture land for crop production due to soils salinization trough a salt intrusion process that is already taking place.

18. Thank you Let us protect the nature