2. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Chapter 26 Interrelationships Pages 575-598

3. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors (biota) –l–living organisms Abiotic Factors (abiota) –n–nonliving or physical factors temperature humidity precipitation survival and growth of organisms ecosystem productivity Habitat – where organism lives wind soil sunlight

4. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Ecological Succession Ecosystems change –o–older inhabitants die –n–new inhabitants move in Primary Succession –n–natural – bare rock to soil Secondary Succession –n–natural or man-made catastrophe Climax Community –s–stable will not change unless catastrophe

5. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Climate and Microclimates Biomes – physical environment with characteristic plants & animals Microclimate –Small areas that differ from surrounding climate

6. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Major Biomes Determined by climate 1.Tropical Rain Forest 2.Dry Rain Forest 3.Tropical Savanna 4.Desert 5.Temperate Grassland 6.Temperate Woodland and Shrub land 7.Temperate Forest 8.Northwest Coniferous Forest 9.Boreal Forest 10.Tundra

7. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Tropical Rain Forest Precipitation - high Temperature - hot Soil - poor Diversity - high Trees - dense Grasses - sparse

8. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Tropical Dry Forest Precipitation - variable Temperature - mild Soil - rich Diversity - moderate Trees - medium Grasses - medium

9. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Tropical Savanna Precipitation - variable Temperature - mild Soil - clay Diversity - moderate Trees - sparse Grasses - dense

10. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Desert Precipitation - low Temperature - variable Soil - poor Diversity - moderate Trees - sparse Grasses - sparse

11. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Temperate Grassland Precipitation - moderate Temperature Summer – hot Winter - cold Soil - rich Diversity - moderate Trees - sparse Grasses - dense

12. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Temperate Woodland Precipitation Summer – low Winter – moderate Temperature Summer – hot Winter - mild Soil - poor Diversity - low Trees - medium Grasses - medium

13. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Temperate Forest Precipitation - moderate Temperature Summer – moderate Winter - cold Soil - rich Diversity - high Trees - dense Grasses - sparse

14. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 NW Conifer Forest Precipitation - high Temperature Summer – mild Winter - cold Soil – rocky, acidic Diversity - low Trees - dense Grasses - sparse

15. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Boreal Forest Precipitation - moderate Temperature Summer – mild Winter - cold Soil – poor, acidic Diversity - moderate Trees - dense Grasses - sparse

16. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Tundra Precipitation - low Temperature Summer - mild Winter - cold Soil - poor Diversity - low Trees - absent Grasses - medium

17. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Aquatic Ecosystems Communities vary based on: 1.Depth 2.Flow 3.Temperature 4.Chemistry

18. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Freshwater Ecosystems Flowing Water –Rivers –Streams –Creeks Standing Water –Lakes –Ponds Plankton – floaters –Phytoplankton Producers – algae –Zooplankton Consumers - copepods

19. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Estuaries Wetlands where rivers meet the sea –Salt Marshes temperate zone sea grass –Mangrove Swamps tropical zone

20. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Marine Ecosystems Zones - light penetration 1.Photic Zone – well light – to 200 m –photosynthesis - algae 2.Aphotic Zone – permanent dark –chemosynthesis – bacteria Zones – distance from shore & depth 1.Intertidal Zone 2.Coastal Zone 3.Ocean Zone 4.Benthic Zone – deep ocean floor

21. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Recycling in the Biosphere Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. –Biogeochemical Cycles – trace how biological, geological, and chemical materials move through an ecosystem. Water Cycle Nutrient Cycles –Carbon –Nitrogen –Phosphorus Cycle

22. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Water Cycle

23. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Carbon Cycle

24. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Nitrogen Cycle

25. Updated May 2006Created by C. Ippolito May 2006 Nutrient Limitation Primary Productivity – rate at which producers form organic matter Limiting Nutrient – single nutrient or factor that is scarce or recycles very slowly Algal Bloom – runoff causes large increase of a normally limited nutrient causing a burst of growth in one segment of system