1. OpenGL Fragment Operations
Rasterization
Scissor Test
Fragment Data
(Position, Color, Depth)
Alpha Test
Frame Buffer
Texture Mapping
Stencil Test
Color Buffer
Fog
Depth Test
Depth Buffer
Antialiasing
Blending
Stencil Buffer
Dithering
Logical Operations
Buffer Masking

2. Scissor Test Alpha Test
void glScissor(GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height)
Define a scissor rectangle (scissor box) in window coordinates. Fragment that lies inside the scissor rectangle passes the scissor test.
x, y: Lower left corner of the scissor rectangle
width, height: Width and height of the scissor rectangle
Use glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST) to enable scissor test.
Use glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST) to disable scissor test.
Alpha Test
void glAlphaFunc(GLenum func, GLclampf ref)
Define alpha test function func (default is GL_ALWAYS) and reference value ref (default is 0.0).

3. func
Meaning
GL_NEVER
Always fail
GL_ALWAYS
Always pass
GL_LESS
Pass if fragment alpha < ref
GL_LEQUAL
Pass if fragment alpha  ref
GL_EQUAL
Pass if fragment alpha = ref
GL_GEQUAL
Pass if fragment alpha  ref
GL_GREATER
Pass if fragment alpha > ref
GL_NOTEQUAL
Pass if fragment alpha  ref
Use glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST) to enable alpha test.
Use glDisable(GL_ALPHA_TEST) to disable alpha test.

4. Stencil Test void glStencilFunc(GLenum func, GLint ref, GLuint mask)
Define stencil test function func (default is GL_ALWAYS), reference value ref (default is 0) and a mask value mask (default is all 1s).
func: GL_NEVER, GL_ALWAYS, GL_LESS, GL_LEQUAL,
GL_EQUAL, GL_GEQUAL, GL_GREATER, GL_NOTEQUAL
Stencil test procedure:
Retrieve stencil value s from stencil buffer at fragment position.
Mask reference value and stencil value using bitwise AND operation:
ref0 = ref & mask; s0 = s & mask;
Compare ref0 and s0, if they satisfy the inequality defined by func, then the fragment passes the stencil test, otherwise it fails.
Use glEnable(GL_STENCIL_TEST) to enable stencil test.
Use glDisable(GL_STENCIL_TEST) to disable stencil test.

5. void glStencilOp(GLenum fail, GLenum zfail, GLenum zpass)
Define actions to take on stencil buffer values.
fail: Action to take when the fragment fails stencil test.
zfail: Action to take when the fragment passes stencil test but fails depth test.
zpass: Action to take when the fragment passes stencil test and also passes depth test.
fail, zfail, zpass value
Meaning
GL_KEEP
Keep current value.
GL_ZERO
Replace with zero.
GL_REPLACE
Replace with reference value defined by glStencilFunc().
GL_INCR
Increment by one. Clamp to maximum value.
GL_DECR
Decrement by one. Clamp to 0.
GL_INVERT
Bitwise invert.

6. Depth Test void glDepthFunc(GLenum func)
Define depth test function func (default is GL_LESS).
func: GL_NEVER, GL_ALWAYS, GL_LESS, GL_LEQUAL,
GL_EQUAL, GL_GEQUAL, GL_GREATER, GL_NOTEQUAL
Compare fragment depth value with the depth value stored in the depth buffer. If they satisfy the inequality defined by func, then the fragment passes the depth test, otherwise it fails.
Use glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) to enable depth test.
Use glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) to disable depth test.

7. OpenGL Blending Operations
Blending combines the color value of the incoming fragment with the color value of the corresponding pixel already stored in the frame buffer.
Color with Alpha Value
(R, G, B, A)
R: Red component
G: Green component
B: Blue component
A: Alpha component (transparency)
Each component value is between 0.0 and 1.0

8. Source and Destination Blending Factors
Source: Incoming fragment
Destination: Pixel already stored in the color buffer
Source color: (Rs, Gs, Bs, As)
Source blending factor: (Sr, Sg, Sb, Sa)
Destination color: (Rd, Gd, Bd, Ad)
Destination blending factor: (Dr, Dg, Db, Da)
The final blended color is:
(RsSr+RdDr, GsSg+GdDg, BsSb+BdDb, AsSa+AdDa)
Each component is clamped to [0.0, 1.0]
void glBlendFunc(GLenum srcfactor, GLenum dstfactor)
Define source and destination blending factors
srcfactor: Define source blending factor
dstfactor: Define destination blending factor

9. srcfactor, dstfactor
RGB blending factors
Alpha blending factor
GL_ZERO
(0, 0, 0)
GL_ONE
(1, 1, 1) 1
GL_SRC_COLOR
(Rs, Gs, Bs) As
GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR
(1Rs, 1Gs, 1Bs)
1As
GL_DST_COLOR
(Rd, Gd, Bd) Ad
GL_ONE_MINUS_DST_COLOR
(1Rd, 1Gd, 1Bd)
1Ad
GL_SRC_ALPHA
(As, As, As)
GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA
(1As, 1As, 1As)
GL_DST_ALPHA
(Ad, Ad, Ad)
GL_ONE_MINUS_DST_ALPHA
(1Ad, 1Ad, 1Ad)
GL_SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE
(f, f, f)
f = min (As, 1Ad).
GL_SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE can only used as source blending factor.

10. Use glEnable(GL_BLEND) to enable blending.
Use glDisable(GL_BLEND) to disable blending.
To create color buffer with alpha channel, use:
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_RGB | GLUT_ALPHA ……);
Draw Multiple Transparent and Opaque Objects
glDepthMask(GL_TRUE);
glDisable(GL_BLEND);
Draw all opaque objects;
glDepthMask(GL_FALSE);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
Sort transparent objects from back to front;
Draw transparent objects in back to front order;

11. OpenGL Antialiasing Operations
Super Sample Antialiasing
Multi Sample Antialiasing

13. Steps to Use Antialiasing in OpenGL
When performing antialiasing, OpenGL calculates a coverage value for each fragment. The coverage value is the percentage of a fragment’s area that overlaps with the primitive being drawn. The fragment’s alpha value is then multiplied by its coverage value.
Steps to Use Antialiasing in OpenGL
Enable antialiasing.
Give hint on antialiasing quality.
Enable blending and choose appropriate blending factors.
Draw primitives.

14. Enable Antialasing
Enable antialiasing for points:
glEnable(GL_POINT_SMOOTH)
Enable antialiasing for lines:
glEnable(GL_LINE_SMOOTH)
Enable antialiasing for polygons:
glEnable(GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH)

15. Give Hint on Antialiasing Quality
void glHint(GLenum target, GLenum hint)
target
Meaning
GL_POINT_SMOOTH_HINT
Hint for point antialiasing
GL_LINE_SMOOTH_HINT
Hint for line antialiasing
GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH_HINT
Hint for polygon antialiasing
hint
Meaning
GL_FASTEST
Most efficient implementation
GL_NICEST
Highest image quality
GL_DONT_CARE
No preference

16. Set Blending Factors
To antialiasing points and lines, use
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
Then render points or lines in arbitrary order.
To antialiasing polygons, use
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE, GL_ONE) ;
Then render the polygons in front to back order.

17. OpenGL Fog Effect void glFog{if}(GLenum pname, TYPE param)
void glFog{if}v(GLenum pname, TYPE *param)
Set fog mode and parameters.
pname
param
Meaning
GL_FOG_MODE
GL_EXP (default)
GL_EXP2
GL_LINEAR
Fog mode
GL_FOG_COLOR
Cf = (Rf, Gf, Bf, Af)
Fog color
GL_FOG_DENSITY 
Fog density
GL_FOG_START
zmin
Fog start distance
GL_FOG_END
zmax
Fog end distance

18. Fog Factor
GL_EXP
GL_EXP2
GL_LINEAR
z is the eye-coordinate distance between view point and the fragment to be fogged.
Final Fogged Color
C = f Ci + (1 – f) Cf
Ci: Incoming fragment color
Cf: Fog color

19. Fog Hint
void glHint(GLenum target, GLenum hint)
target: GL_FOG_HINT
hint: GL_NICEST Per-pixel fog calculation
GL_FASTEST Per-vertex fog calculation
GL_DONT_CARE No preference
Use glEnable(GL_FOG) to enable fog.
Use glDisable(GL_FOG) to disable fog.

20. Dithering Dithering operation is hardware-dependent.
All OpenGL allows you to do is to turn it on and off.
Use glEnable(GL_DITHER) to enable dithering.
Use glDisable(GL_DITHER) to disable dithering.

21. Logical Operations void glLogicOp(GLenum opcode)
Result
GL_CLEAR
GL_XOR
s ^ d
GL_SET 1
GL_EQUIV
~(s ^ d)
GL_COPY s
GL_COPY_INVERTED ~s
GL_NOOP d
GL_INVERT ~d
GL_AND
s & d
GL_AND_REVERSE
s & (~d)
GL_NAND
~(s & d)
GL_OR_REVERSE
s | (~d)
GL_OR
s | d
GL_AND_INVERTED
(~s) & d
GL_NOR
~(s | d)
GL_OR_INVERTED
(~s) | d
s: Incoming fragment value (Source)
d: Value of the pixel in the color buffer (Destination)
&: Bitwise AND |: Bitwise OR
^: Bitwise XOR ~: Bitwise NOT

22. In RGBA color mode
Use glEnable(GL_COLOR_LOGIC_OP) to enable logical operations.
Use glDisable(GL_COLOR_LOGIC_OP) to disable logical operations.
In color index mode
Use glEnable(GL_INDEX_LOGIC_OP) to enable logical operations.
Use glDisable(GL_INDEX_LOGIC_OP) to disable logical operations.

23. Frame Buffer Clearing and Masking
void glClear (GLbitfield mask)
Clear the frame buffer.
mask:
GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT
color buffer
GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT
depth buffer
GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT
stencil buffer
void glClearColor( GLclampf red, GLclampf green, GLclampf blue, GLclampf alpha)
Set clear value for color buffer
void glClearDepth( GLclampd depth )
Set clear value for depth buffer
void glClearStencil( GLint s )
Set clear value for stencil buffer

24. void glColorMask(GLboolean r, GLboolean g, GLboolean b, GLboolean a)
Set writing masks for color buffer.
r, g, b, a: Writing masks for red, green, blue and alpha channel.
GL_TRUE: channel can be written (default value).
GL_FALSE: channel can not be written.
void glDepthMask(GLboolean flag)
Set writing mask for depth buffer.
flag: GL_TRUE: Depth buffer can be written (default value).
GL_FALSE: Depth buffer can not be written. (But can still be read.)
void glStencilMask(GLuint mask)
Set writing mask for stencil buffer.
mask: Binary writing mask. “1” indicates the corresponding bit in stencil buffer can be written, “0” indicates the bit can not be written.