1. Ladders and Scaffolds Trainer's Notes:
New England Roofing Industry Partnership
Ladders and Scaffolds
Trainer's Notes:
Duration: One Hour
Training Aids:
Always good to have a stepladder and or ladder to refer to during discussion. Take note of scaffolds in the neighborhood that the participants may be familiar with to talk about.
Video Options:
“Scaffold Safety: From the Ground Up, Parts 1 & 2 (NRCA)
“Scaffold Safety: From the Ground Up, Part 3, Aerial Lifts, Forklifts, and Fork-Mounted Platforms” (NRCA)

2. References 29 CFR 1926.1050 - .1053, Subpart X - Ladders
SUBPARTS
X & L
Ladders and Scaffolds 1
References
29 CFR , Subpart X - Ladders
29 CFR , Subpart L - Scaffolds
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Trainer's Notes:
Manufacturer’s literature is always useful to make your points about intended use, load ratings and so on…

3. Training Objectives After completing this section you will:
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 2
X & L
Training Objectives
After completing this section you will:
Understand safe ladder placement & use.
Know how to inspect a ladder for defects.
Know the basics of Subpart X - Ladders.
Understand safe erection and use of scaffolding.
Know the basics of Subpart L – Scaffolds.
Trainer's Notes:
Ask participants to relate some of their experiences. Facilitate discussion of ladders and scaffolds in roofing since this is an important area as it relates to potential for fall injuries.

4. Ladder Hazards Ladders not secured
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 3
X & L
Ladder Hazards
Ladders not secured
Ladder not extended 3 feet above landing
Defective ladders
Ladders within 10 feet of power lines
Fixed ladders without fall protection
12% of OSHA citations for physical hazards are for unsafe ladders or stairs.
Most deaths from falls off ladders happen from 10 feet or lower.
Trainers Notes:
In the roofing industry, ladders ranked #3 in OSHA citations for 1999 (SIC 1761).

5. Access to the Work Level
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 4
X & L
Access to the Work Level
If elevation change is 19 inches or more and there is no ramp, runway, slope or hoist:
Employer must provide stairway & ladders
prior to work at elevated areas.
Two or more ladders or double-cleated
ladder if more than 25 employees.
At least one access point between levels must be clear at all times.
Trainer's Notes:
Stress the potential for injury on a job site where there is a lot of climbing without proper ladders, stairs and scaffolding.

6. Basic Ladder Use Use only for intended purpose. Extend 3 feet above
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 5
X & L
Basic Ladder Use
Use only for intended purpose.
Extend 3 feet above
surface.
Set up at 4:1 angle.
Secure top and bottom.
Keep top and bottom areas
clear.
Maintain 3-point contact.
Cannot work off ladder unless
3-point contact is maintained.
Trainer's Notes:
If job-made ladders are used they must meet OSHA specifications – also in Subpart X.

7. Basic Ladder Use Don’t move a ladder that is occupied.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 6
X & L
Basic Ladder Use
Don’t move a ladder that is occupied.
Don’t overload a ladder.
Keep up inspection and maintenance.
Don’t use on a slippery surface.
Use non-conductive near electric.
Don’t tie together to make longer.
Don’t paint wooden ladders.
Trainer's Notes:

8. Basic Stepladder Use Do not use top step on stepladder.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 7
X & L
Basic Stepladder Use
Do not use top step on stepladder.
Stepladders cannot be used leaned against a vertical wall, they must be opened and used as intended.
Use ONLY as intended by the manufacturer!
Trainer's Notes:
Ask the group: Just why is it that we all misuse and abuse stepladders so much? (See stupid ladder tricks in subsequent slides.)

9. Proper Ladder Set-Up Ladders and Scaffolds
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 8
X & L
Proper Ladder Set-Up
3 foot extension above landing
Top end secured
Trainer's Notes:
Remind the group that all of the ladder set up and use precautions are on the sticker on the side rail of every ladder they will see. Has anyone ever read it? Why is the 4:1 ladder slope the safest? Can anyone demonstrate how to measure that slope when setting up a ladder?
Maximum extension
not exceeded
Bottom secured
1/4th of Working Length

10. Is this a citation? Is there a hazard created here?
SUBPARTS
X & L
Ladders and Scaffolds 9
Defective Ladders
Ladders must be inspected by a Competent Person.
Can they be fixed?
Trainer's Notes:
Emphasize that the only acceptable ‘fix’ would be as approved by the manufacturer. Ask for opinions of the situation at right – is this ladder weakened? Is there a hazard? What would (should) an OSHA inspector do?
Is this a citation? Is there a hazard created here?

11. Access to the Roof The Job-Made Ladder
SUBPARTS
X & L
Ladders and Scaffolds 10
Access to the Roof
The Job-Made Ladder
What is done right here? What could be done better?
Trainer's Notes:
The participants should be able to point out that:
(1) the ladder cleats are properly installed with blocks
for support
(2) the ladder is long enough with 3 foot extension.
(3) looks like it’s at the proper angle
(you may want to have them look up the difference
in angle for job-made vs. manufactured portable
ladder)
(4) and that it is secured in place.
Access might be improved if the cleats above the landing are removed to allow walk-through.
As to perimeter fall protection – we don’t know the whole story here…

12. Scenes We Don’t Want to See
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 11
X & L
Scenes We Don’t Want to See
Do we really even need an OSHA standard to tell us there’s something wrong here?
(a)(2) LADDERS
Rungs, cleats and steps shall be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced.
Trainer's Notes:

13. Stupid Ladder Tricks Ladders and Scaffolds X & L 12 Trainer Notes:
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 12
X & L
Stupid Ladder Tricks
Trainer Notes:
The point to be made about “stupid ladder tricks” is that we can only get away with them for just so long; and then there’s a fall.

14. More Stupid Ladder Tricks
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 13
X & L
More Stupid Ladder Tricks
Trainer's Notes:

15. .1060 Training Requirements
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 14
X & L
.1060 Training Requirements
Your employer must train you.
Trainer's Notes:
If you are prone to “stupid ladder tricks” you definitely need training on ladder use and care.

16. Ladders (1926.1050 - .1053) Common OSHA Citations:
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 15
X & L
Ladders
( )
Common OSHA Citations:
.1053(b)(1): Extension 3 feet above landing surface
.1052(c)(1): Stairs with > 4 risers or >30” height are to have at least one handrail; stair rail on open side
.1051(a): Stair or ladder for >19” break in elevation
.1060(a): Training as necessary
.1053(b)(4): Ladder use only as intended
.1053(b)(13): Stepladder top step not to be used.
Trainer's Notes:
Review the Top Six Serious Citations.
Ask the participants how each of the six hazards could be controlled or eliminated.
How can the hazards addressed by these Standards best be corrected, controlled, or eliminated?

17. Scaffolding for Roof Access
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 16
X & L
Scaffolding for Roof Access
Depending on the type of job you may use:
Frame Scaffolds
Mobile Scaffolds
Stair Towers
Ladder Jacks
Pump Jacks
Aerial Lifts such as Scissor Lift or Manlift
Under OSHA standards, these are all “elevated work platforms”.
Trainer's Notes:
Ask the participants about their experiences roofing from a scaffold and more commonly, getting to and from the roof via scaffolds. What are some of the things that can happen?

18. Scaffold Hazards The danger of falling is most common.
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Ladders and Scaffolds 17
X & L
Scaffold Hazards
The danger of falling is most common.
9% of construction deaths are
scaffold-related.
Scaffold falls injure 29,000
workers every year.
47% of all scaffold catastrophes and deaths are caused by defective scaffolds.
Any missing or defective part makes a scaffold less safe.
Trainer's Notes:
Emphasize the importance of safe access to the work surface. Ask: What are the possible variables leading to a fall?

19. How Do We Know a Scaffold Is Safe?
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 18
X & L
How Do We Know a Scaffold Is Safe?
Supported scaffolds must have these
features:
Trainer's Notes:
Begin a discussion of a safe scaffold “from the ground up” .

20. Firm Foundation Must have a foundation that is firm, square and level.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 19
X & L
Firm Foundation
Must have a foundation that is firm, square and level.
Support must bear on base plates and mudsills or other adequate, firm foundation.
Must support load without settling or displacement.
Must not use “unstable objects” as support.
Base plates are always required, even on concrete.
Trainer's Notes:
The most basic variable – how was the scaffold set up – will it take the weight you intend to put on it – or do we find out after it’s too late? Remind the participants that this applies especially to stair towers, very often used for roof access. How much load is on the supports if 15 roofers all descend for lunch at once?

21. How to Make a Solid Foundation
SUBPART
Ladders and Scaffolds 20
X & L
How to Make a Solid Foundation
Look for firm ground and sills to distribute the scaffold load.
Trainer's Notes:
We’ve stressed this point – but a solid scaffold has to start “from the ground up” and there are decisions to be made….
HEEL TEST:
If a 180-pound worker can dig a heel an inch into the soil, it will not support 1,600 psf.

22. Firm Foundation? Ladders and Scaffolds X & L 21 Trainer's Notes:
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 21
X & L
Firm Foundation?
Trainer's Notes:

23. Scaffold Capacity
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 22
X & L
Support its own weight and 4 X the Maximum Intended Load (MIL).
Suspension rope & hardware, 6 X MIL.
Stall load of hoist maximum 3 X rated load.
Designed by a Qualified Person and built and loaded to design.
Some Criteria listed in Appendix 'A'
Trainer's Notes:
Scaffolding is a good topic in which to point out that practical concerns are clearly addressed in OSHA standards. 8

24. Scaffold Capacity How much load do we need the scaffold to support?
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 23
X & L
Scaffold Capacity
How much load do we need the scaffold to support?
Evenly distributed:
Must support 4 X Maximum Intended Load.
Trainer's Notes:
Point out that the Safety Factor is not there to allow overloading.
Here you might also discuss plank spans for situations where manufactured scaffold may not be used – such as a walkway onto a roof.
Supported Scaffolds:
Capacity determined by
the space between the
uprights and plank
thickness.

25. Capacity? Can we apply any of the “capacity” criteria here?
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 24
X & L
Capacity?
Can we apply
any of the
“capacity”
criteria here?
Trainer's Notes:
Maybe a funny picture (Yes, it’s from West Virginia and No, the guy who built and used this was NOT barefoot) but also should serve to make the point that safety factors and consistency need to be maintained.

26. Bracing holds parts fixed in relation to another.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 25
X & L
Bracing
Poles, legs, frames and uprights must be plumb and braced.
Trainer's Notes:
Scaffold Inspection – who is doing it and what should they be looking for?
Bracing holds parts fixed in relation to another. 13

27. Plumb, Level, Square You can visually check scaffold alignment.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 26
X & L
Plumb, Level, Square
You can visually check scaffold alignment.
Plumb:
Vertical members stand perpendicular to horizon.
Square:
Horizontal and vertical members form right angles where they connect.
Trainer's Notes:
Level:
Horizontal members are parallel to horizon.

28. Mixed Manufacturer’s Components
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 27
X & L
Mixed Manufacturer’s Components
Competent Person decision required.
Is scaffold structural
integrity maintained?
Trainer's Notes:
Emphasize here that having the right equipment available, and properly maintaining and storing it goes along way towards avoiding these situations. However, once the material is at the job – Competent Person decision-making becomes extremely important.

29. SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 28
X & L
Keeping Upright
When suspended scaffold reaches a height that is more than 4 times its minimum base dimension, it must be restrained to keep from tipping.
Guys/Braces at horizontal members.
Guys/ties/braces in accordance with manufacturer or closest to 4:1 height.
Ties repeat at 26 feet vertical; maximum 30 feet horizontal.
Trainer's Notes:
If you’ve had the participants follow the standard, point out here that we’ve looked at the basic variables to all scaffolds and now we move into specifics for supported as opposed to suspended scaffolds. Remind them that they should have training on each type of scaffold they use.

30. Tie-Ins to the Building
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 29
X & L
Tie-Ins to the Building
This 6-tier scaffold is
anchored to the building
with rope through windows.
Trainer's Notes:
Another very important and often abused scaffold issue – even a good scaffold with a solid platform needs to be secured against movement with ties that will resist any force put on the scaffold. This includes forces caused by the actual work.
A solid strut anchor is better, especially if not dependent upon friction attachments at both ends.

31. Platform Construction
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 30
X & L
Platform Construction
Platforms fully planked or decked
Maximum 1” gaps
Maximum openings of 9½” if necessary
Platforms and walkways minimum 18” wide
Ladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket, and pump jack scaffold at least 12” wide
Guardrails and/or Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) for < 18” wide
Trainer's Notes:
Get participants thinking about the actual platform they are working from. This might lead to a discussion of various kinds of plank/platform options. You should emphasis not only proper material but the importance of INSPECTION. For instance: How many people have worked off of planks that have saw cuts in them? 9

32. What Makes a Safe Platform?
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 31
X & L
What Makes a Safe Platform?
Fully planked with scaffold-grade wood or metal.
Trainer's Notes:
Continue plank/platform discussion – some manufactured plank or platform literature would be useful to discuss (again!) the manufacturer’s intent and specifications.

33. What Is Scaffold-Grade Lumber?
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 32
X & L
What Is Scaffold-Grade Lumber?
It is free of defects.
Trainer's Notes:
Ask what kind of planks the participants are seeing on scaffolds. Are they rough sawn, or dressed, are they stamped “scaffold grade” ? Or, are they plain lumber – it is important that that the planks/platforms also have the 4:1 safety factor and that a scaffold plank is NOT just another board.
Grading Stamps identify scaffold grade lumber in many parts of the U.S.
Scaffold planks must be in good repair. Look for damage that reduces width, length, thickness, or strength. Replace damaged planks immediately.

34. Platform Construction
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 33
X & L
Platform Construction
Front edge of all platforms:
Maximum 14” from the face of the work
3” from the face for outrigger scaffolds
18” from face for plastering/lathing operations
Platform extension minimum 6”; maximum 12”
>10 feet, maximum 18” past support
Trainer's Notes:
Make the point that a work platform or, as is likely to be the case for roofers, an “access” platform, needs to be a surface you can move around on without looking down for fear of falling through or off of it…. 10

35. Platform Construction
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 34
X & L
Platform Construction
Support for ends of abutted planks
Overlap minimum 12” and only over
supports, unless restrained to
prevent movement.
On directional changes, platform on
bearer at other than a right angle laid
first, and platforms at right angles over
the same bearer laid second.
Trainer's Notes: 11

36. Platform Construction
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 35
X & L
Platform Construction
Don’t paint wood, except ID on edges
Fully planked between front upright & guardrails
Don’t mix scaffold components used unless compatible & strength is maintained [Competent Person decision]
Don’t modify mixed scaffold components
to make them fit [C.P. decision]
No components of dissimilar metals without Competent Person approval
Trainer's Notes: 12

37. SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 36
X & L
Platforms
Do not use front-end loader to support scaffold platforms unless they have been designed for such use.
Forklifts cannot be used to support platforms unless:
The entire platform is attached to the fork, and
The forklift is not moved horizontally while the platform is occupied.
Trainer's Notes:
Misuse of equipment to gain quick (and dangerous) access has been the cause of numerous accidents.

38. DON’T BECOME A STATISTIC!!
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 37
X & L
DON’T BECOME A STATISTIC!!
Is this in any way a safe platform?
Trainer's Notes:

39. Unsafe Anywhere… This is not the kind of teamwork we're looking for…
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 38
X & L
Unsafe Anywhere…
This is not the kind of teamwork we're looking for…
Trainer's Notes:
Another “funny” – until someone falls and doesn’t get up – how can we eliminate the tendency to climb, and to reach, unprotected, off and off balance to get he job done.

40. What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold?
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 39
X & L
What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold?
Distribute loads evenly. Point load over uprights.
Point Loading -
When necessary, it should be done over uprights.
Trainer's Notes:
While roofers don’t typically load materials directly on a scaffold as masons do, it is still important to know what loads ARE being applied to the scaffold and how the scaffold is affected.
Eccentric loads must be countered to prevent tipping.
Evenly distributed –
A good practice!
An unsafe practice!

41. Safe Access Must have safe access
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 40
X & L
Safe Access
Must have safe access
No access by cross braces
Bottom rung not more than 24” high
From other surface if within 14" H, 24" V
Rest platforms at 35’ intervals
Safe access for erectors/dismantlers
Competent Person Decision
22" Horizontals OK for Builders
Some end frames can be used for access.
Trainer's Notes:
Another good point to stress – especially to roofers who are going to make a lot or trips up and down before the roof is done. Is it safe or are we again doing a lot of unstable “climbing”. 16

42. SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 41
X & L
Safe Access
25% of scaffold accidents happen when workers get on or get off.
If work platforms are more than 2 feet above a point of access, then stairs, ladders, or personnel hoists must be used.
Trainer's Notes:
You must never climb on scaffold braces or frames without built-in ladders.

43. 3-Point Climbing on Scaffold Ladders
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 42
X & L
3-Point Climbing on Scaffold Ladders
2 hands and 1 foot or
1 hand and 2 feet on ladder.
You must face the ladder.
You cannot carry any load
that could cause you to
lose your balance.
Use a gin wheel to hoist
materials and equipment
onto the scaffold.
Trainer's Notes:
This is real basic and yet – how many of the participants STILL want to climb while carrying something?

44. Failure to provide safe access.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 43
X & L
Failure to provide safe access.
Trainer's Notes:

45. SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 44
X & L
Using the Scaffold
Never overload: Lesser of Maximum Intended Load or rated load
Inspected by Competent Person
No shore or lean-to scaffolds
Immediately remove, repair, or brace if found substandard
No horizontal movement while occupied unless approved
Maintain clearance near powerlines
Trainer's Notes: 17

46. Using the Scaffold No makeshift devices to increase height
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 45
X & L
Using the Scaffold
No makeshift devices to increase height
The 'Drywall Bucket Rule'
No ladder to increase height except on 'large area' and:
Side thrust countered, platform secured
Ladder legs on same platform & secured
Platforms should not deflect > 1/60 of span
Trainer's Notes:
Making up for bad design/planning with bad behavior can only greatly increase the likelihood that someone gets hurt eventually!

47. SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 46
X & L
Using the Scaffold
Erect, move, dismantle or alter only under the supervision of a Competent Person!
No work on snow, ice covered platforms.
Use taglines for swinging loads.
Protect suspension ropes from heat, acid
No work during storms or high winds.
No debris accumulation on platforms.
Trainer's Notes:
Competent Person, again stress importance of having the right person designated to make an informed, authorized decision…. 18

48. Power Line Clearance Keep 10 foot minimum unless de-energized!
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 47
X & L
Power Line Clearance
Trainer's Notes:
If you have already covered Electrical, then just reinforce awareness of the ease with which contact can be made when the scaffold is too close. If not, then elicit some discussion/experience from the group – how often are they too close and how lucky have they been?
Keep 10 foot minimum unless de-energized!

49. Lean-to Scaffolds are Prohibited
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 48
X & L
Lean-to Scaffolds are Prohibited
The old and the new, but still a
‘Lean-To’
Trainer's Notes:

50. Fall Protection for Scaffolds
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 49
Fall Protection for Scaffolds
X & L
Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) or guardrails are required at 10 foot height.
PFAS and guardrails are required on suspended scaffolds.
PFAS is required for erectors/dismantlers where feasible.
Trainer's Notes: 19

51. Guardrails Guardrails prevent work falls.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 50
X & L
Guardrails
Guardrails prevent work falls.
Only 33% of the scaffolds involved in accidents had guardrails.
Toprails must be 38” to 45” above working platform.
Crossbracing can serve as top or mid-rail depending on height.
Trainer's Notes:
Important here to stress not only having guardrails but keeping them in place.
Mention that crossbracing can be used as top or midrail , providing the crossing pointis:
inches above work platform for midrail, or
- 38 – 48 inches for toprail.
Toprail must withstand a force of 200 pounds (or 100 pounds on suspension scaffolds).

52. Personal Fall Arrest Systems
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 51
X & L
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
PFAS used on scaffolds must be
attached by lanyard, vertical lifeline,
horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural
member.
Vertical lifelines must be fastened to fixed
safe point of anchorage, independent of
the scaffold. Do not attach two vertical
lifelines together or to same anchorage
point.
Horizontal lifelines must be attached to 2
or more structural members of the
scaffold.
Trainer’s Notes:

53. Fall Protection for Erectors
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 52
X & L
Fall Protection for Erectors
Competent Person must take into account:
Adequate Anchorage?
Clearance?
Work Practices?
Motions Required?
Equipment Available?
Environmental conditions?
Trainer's Notes:
This is particularly important if any of the participants members are actually building scaffolds for roof access. Do they make a genuine evaluation of the possibility of using fall protection during building – or just assuming it can’t be done?

54. Falling Object Protection
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 53
X & L
Falling Object Protection
Hardhats required
Protect employees below
Barricades to exclude working below
Toe boards at edges of platforms
Manufactured or job-made with 1x6 or plank
May use panels, screens, or canopies
Trainer's Notes: 20

55. Fabricated Frame Scaffolds
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 54
X & L
Fabricated Frame Scaffolds
New frames braced before moving platforms
Always plumb, level, square with bracing secured.
Frames joined vertically by coupling pins
Where uplift can occur - locked together
Side brackets parallel; end brackets at 900
Not bent or twisted; Personnel only, unless engineered
Over 125 ft. high requires engineer design
Trainer's Notes:

56. Mobile Scaffolds Plumb; Level square; Braces secured
SUBPARTS 55
Ladders and Scaffolds
X & L
Mobile Scaffolds
Plumb; Level square; Braces secured
Cross, horizontal & diagonal braces to prevent racking or collapse
Mobile scaffolds must comply with other frame requirements
Castors - positive lock on wheel and/or swivel
Force to move no more than 5 feet above base 53
Trainer's Notes:
If mobiles are being used – a good place for a discussion of poor practices, “bad behaviors” and serious consequences with moveable scaffolds, especially tip-overs due to movement while occupied, generally by the user from above.

57. SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 56
X & L
Mobile Scaffolds
Horizontal and diagonal bracing required to prevent “racking”.
Most manufacturers provide with fixed length.
Trainer's Notes:

58. Mobile Scaffolds Diagonal bracing; prevents “racking”
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 57
X & L
Mobile Scaffolds
Diagonal bracing; prevents “racking”
No platforms beyond base
Screwjacks or equivalent to level
Castor stems pinned or bolted
Not moved with riders unless:
Height: base ratio = 2:1 or designed
Surface within 30 of level; no obstructions
Outriggers both sides if used; no extension beyond support
Trainer's Notes:

59. Ladder Jacks Maximum height = 20 feet Ladders and Scaffolds X & L
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 58
X & L
Ladder Jacks
Maximum height = 20 feet
 PFAS required at > 10 feet.
 Ladders to meet Subpart X
 Ladders must be secured
 Platforms can’t be overlapped
Trainer's Notes:

60. Ladders and Scaffolds X & L 59 Trainer's Notes:
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 59
X & L
Trainer's Notes:
In a situation like this, full body harnesses with lanyards and/or a catch platform would be suitable means of fall protection.
Additionally, guardrails must be installed on the ladder-jack scaffold or have the employee use a full body harness.
Reference: 29 CFR (b)(11) (fall protection – steep roofs) and (g)(1) (scaffolds).

61. Aerial Lifts “Catapult” action on quick drop expels user.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 60
X & L
Aerial Lifts
“Catapult” action on quick drop expels user.
Fall Protection Required!
Trainer's Notes:

62. SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 61
X & L
Aerial Lifts
Vehicle-mounted or self-propelled elevating work platforms – training is required!
Trainer's Notes:

63. Tie-Off in Lift Attach lanyard to the provided tie-off point only.
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 62
X & L
Tie-Off in Lift
Attach lanyard to the provided tie-off point only.
Other Requirements:
Stand firmly on basket
floor.
Do not climb on basket
edge.
Do not use ladders or
planks.
Trainer's Notes:

64. SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 63
X & L
Aerial lifts provide a safe method of reaching your working area…as long as they are used appropriately.
Trainer's Notes:
This is definitely NOT the appropriate way to use an aerial lift or a stepladder.

65. What’s Wrong Here? Ladders and Scaffolds X &L 64 Trainer's Notes:
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 64
X &L
What’s Wrong Here?
Trainer's Notes:
While tempting, the ease of spanning between machines to make platforms is only asking for trouble AND an OSHA citation…

66. Protect Yourself With Good Scaffold Safety Practice
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 65
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Protect Yourself With Good Scaffold Safety Practice
Don’t allow tools, materials, or debris to collect on scaffold.
Never, never throw or drop tools, materials, or equipment.
Make sure connections are in place and completely tight.
Do not stand on ties.
Do not stand on guardrails or plank extensions.
Do not overreach outside of the guardrails.
Trainer's Notes:
Basic review of good work practice and user behaviors…

67. Protect Yourself With Good Scaffold Safety Practice
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 66
X & L
Protect Yourself With Good Scaffold Safety Practice
Stay off scaffold during loading or unloading.
Replace guardrails after loading or unloading.
Use 3-point climbing.
Don’t hang tarps without evaluation.
Get off mobile scaffold before it’s moved.
Never leave partially dismantled scaffolds unguarded or unlabelled.
Wear the right clothing and safety gear.
Trainer's Notes:

68. .454 Training Requirements
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 67
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.454 Training Requirements
Your employer must train you.
Trainer's Notes:

69. Scaffolds (1926.450 - .454) Common OSHA Citations:
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 68
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Scaffolds
( )
Common OSHA Citations:
.451(g)(1): Fall protection at 10 feet
.451(e)(1): 2 foot max. vertical platform access
Cross braces not to be used as access
.451(b)(1): Full deck at all working levels
.453(b)(2)(v): Fall protection in aerial lifts
.454(a): Scaffold user training
Trainer's Notes:
Review the Top Five Serious Citations.
Ask the participants how each of the five hazards could be controlled or eliminated.
How can the hazards addressed by these Standards best be corrected, controlled, or eliminated?

70. Review Questions True or False? LADDERS
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 69
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Review Questions
True or False? LADDERS
Stepladders can be folded and leaned
against a wall and used as a ladder.
Ladders must extend 2 feet above landing area.
The proper ladder angle is 1:4.
It’s OK to use the top step of a stepladder
if you can’t reach.
Ladders must be secured when used.
Trainer's Notes:
Answers:
1. FALSE
2. FALSE – 3 feet
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE

71. Review Questions True or False? SCAFFOLDS
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 70
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Review Questions
True or False? SCAFFOLDS
Scaffolds and their components must support 3 times the maximum intended load.
Only one or two planks are required for a work deck.
3. You can access a scaffold by the cross braces.
Trainer's Notes:
Answers:
1. FALSE – 4 times
2. FALSE - platforms & walkways must be at least 18” wide.
3. FALSE

72. Review Questions True or False? SCAFFOLDS
SUBPARTS
Ladders and Scaffolds 71
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Review Questions
True or False? SCAFFOLDS
4. Guardrails or other fall protection is required at 10 feet or higher.
A scaffold should never be less than 3 feet from an energized power line.
6. In an aerial lift, you can tie off to an adjacent pole or structure.
Trainer’s Notes:
Answers:
4. TRUE
5. FALSE – 10 feet
6. FALSE – Must tie off to boom or basket.