1. Chapter Nine: Water and Minerals
Identify the functions of water
Describe the process by which the body regulates water intake and water excretion
Identify normal causes of water loss
List causes of additional (less usual) water losses

2. Chapter Eight, Cntd.
Name the major minerals and the functions and deficiencies of those at risk
Explain osteoporosis and the risk factors that contribute to its development
Name the trace minerals and their functions and deficiencies of those at risk
Explain how the use of alcohol affects nutritional status

3. Water and Body Fluids Adult body is comprised of 60% water
Water functions
Transports nutrients and waste products
Participant in chemical reactions (metabolism)
Solvent for water soluble nutrients
Maintains blood pressure and body temperature

4. Water Functions, Cntd. Lubricant and cushioning for joints
Shock absorber for eyes, spinal, and placenta

5. Water Balance Regulators Thirst—outward sign of dehydration
Diminished with age
Hypothalamus monitors lack or excess
Triggers pituitary to release ADH (antidiuretic hormone) when salts are too high and volume of blood or blood pressure is too low
Kidneys respond by excreting or withholding fluids

6. Water Losses Losses normally occur from:
Urine—water required to excrete urine and body wastes
Lungs as vapor
Feces
Skin in the cooling process
About 2½ quarts per day

7. Recommended Water Intake
8-12 cups per day (pale yellow urine indicates appropriate dilution)
Water, milk and juices are best sources
Alcoholic beverages and those containing caffeine act as diuretics
Fruits, vegetables, meats and cheese also contribute to water intake

8. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Mineral salts when dissolved in water contain electrical charges and are known as electrolytes
Electrolytes and water are the most vital to life—electrolytes hold water in compartments where needed
Electrolytes outside the cell are sodium and chloride
Electrolyte inside the cell is potassium

9. Electrolyte and Fluid Balances
Balances can be upset by large fluid losses
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Heavy sweating
Fever
Burns
Wounds causing blood loss
Electrolytes also help maintain the acidity pH of body fluids

10. Major Minerals Needed in larger amounts in the body Sodium:
Principle electrolyte in the extracellular fluid outside the cell
Maintains acid-base balance—muscle contraction and nerve transmission
Sources: processed foods, salt added while cooking (select iodized salt)

11. Major Minerals, Cntd. Sodium
Average intake is about 3300 mg and Daily Value recommendation is 2400 mg
Risks of too much are high blood pressure or hypertension
Choose and prepare foods with less salt—U.S. Dietary Goal

12. Major Minerals, Cntd. Chloride: Extracellular electrolyte
Usually associated with either sodium or potassium
Part of HCL acid found in the stomach
Best source in table salt

13. Major Minerals, Cntd. Potassium
Principal charged electrolyte found inside the cell
Critical to keeping the heartbeat steady
Diets low in potassium can contribute to elevated blood pressure
Sources: fresh food of all kinds, especially fruits and vegetables—oranges & bananas

14. Major Minerals, Cntd. Calcium
Necessary for growth of a healthy skeleton and prevention of bone disease later in life
Most abundant mineral in the body
99% of calcium found in the bones and teeth—provides rigidity
1% found in body fluids—vital to life
Regulate muscle contractions
Transmits nerve impulses

15. Major Minerals, Cntd. Deficiencies: Absorption can vary between 30-75%
Blood clotting
Cofactor to several enzymes
Deficiencies:
Osteoporosis
Porous, thin, fragile bones found mostly in older women
Can also correlate with high blood pressure
Absorption can vary between 30-75%

16. Major Minerals, Cntd. Sources:
Best are in the daily group (2-3 cups per day of fluid milk or their equivalents)
Vegetables: mustard greens, kale, parsley, watercress, and broccoli
Meat group: particularly sardines, including bones and poultry

17. Major Minerals, Cntd. Phosphorus 2nd most abundant mineral in the body
Excess in the diet can cause excretion of calcium—carbonated beverages and high protein diet, especially from meat sources

18. Trace Minerals Needed in smaller amounts in the body Iron:
Absorption is limited—10-15% absorbed from dietary sources—can increase with good Vitamin C sources eaten together
Function: component of the protein hemoglobin that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues

19. Trace Minerals, Cntd.
Deficiency—Iron deficiency anemia—most prevalent in children and pre-menopausal women
RDA is mg per day
Sources: Most absorbable sources are meats, poultry and fish, esp. organ meats; plant sources are less absorbable
Toxicity: can cause death, especially in small children

20. Trace Minerals, Cntd. Zinc: Iodine: Multiple metabolic functions
Deficiency can cause growth retardation and affects immune function
Sources are high protein foods
Iodine:
Integral part of the thyroid hormone, thyroxin

21. Trace Minerals, Cntd.
Deficiency causes mental and physical retardation
Problem in underdeveloped countries who don’t have access to iodized salt
Sources: Iodized salt or foods grown in iodine rich soil; high mountain areas have little in the soil

22. Trace Minerals, Cntd. Fluoride
Necessary for normal bone and tooth development
Teeth are more resistant to decay
Sources: drinking water either naturally or from fluoridated water

23. Nutrition and Alcohol Abuse
Sources of Alcohol:
Wine, wine coolers, beer, and hard liquor
Nutritional deficiencies can result from
Depression of appetite—less food eaten
Interference with digestion, absorption, metabolism and excretion of nutrients
Vitamins and minerals necessary for normal metabolism interfered with so fewer nutrients are available from food

24. TEST QUESTIONS Water is involve in all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Regulation of body temperature
B. conversion of lipids to amino acids
C. Lubricant around joints
D. Solvent for minerals and vitamins

25. Test Questions
Which of the following body processes in NOT dependent upon the presence of calcium in the body fluids?
A. Blood clotting
B. Muscle contraction
C. Transmission of nerve impulses
D. Transportation of oxygen in the bloodstream

26. Test Questions
A deficiency of _________ is one of the world’s most common preventable causes of mental retardation
A. Zinc
B. Selenium
C. Magnesium
D. Iodine