1. The Restless Earth The Changing World

2. Tectonic plates platesThe crust is made of about twelve plates. These are like big rafts floating on the semi-molten mantle. Convection currents within the mantle cause the plates to move. Although they only move about 2 cm/year this can have huge effects over long periods of time.

4. Sea floor spreading When two oceanic plates move apart molten rock rises to the surface. magma rising sea floor spreading oceanic plate

5. Pangaea Continental Drift On average, the plates only drift about 2cm/year. However 2cm multiplied by a million is a long way! Scientists think the continents were originally all together in a super- continent called Pangaea. Over millions of years they have drifted to their present positions on the floating tectonic plates. Millions of years

6. Continental Drift

7. Evidence for Continental Drift The theory is supported by several pieces of evidence. For example, if we consider Africa and South America there is: –The “jig-saw fit” –The similarities in the rock layers from Africa and South America. –Similarities in the type and age of fossils. –Evidence of related species that definitely did not swim the Atlantic Ocean! Jig Saw fit Similar rocks and fossils

8. How do convection currents actually work? Place potassium permanganate crystals at bottom of beaker of water Start to heat water with bunsen Diagram in book of what happens How does it work?

9. Plate boundaries

10. Constructive plate boundary – new ocean floor is created Destructive plate boundary – oceanic plates slide under continental plates – subduction Conservative plate boundary – plates slide past each other - Earthquakes What happens when plates meet

11. Effects at Plate Boundaries volcanoes result from the rising magma (melted oceanic plate) volcano continental plate oceanic plate magma rising When a continental plate and an oceanic plate meet, the effects include: plates juddering past each other producing earthquakes the continental plate buckles upwards whilst the oceanic plate subducts (goes underground)

12. Find the words and write a sentence about how each one has something to do with plate tectonics. –Drift –Earthquake –Fossil –Jigsaw –Magma –Pangaea –Plates –Subduct –Volcano Activity

13. Rocks

14. Types of rocks There are three main types of rocks: 1.Igneous 1.Igneous - formed when molten rock cools. 2.Sedimentary 2.Sedimentary – formed by the “cementing together” of small grains of sediment. 3.Metamorphic 3.Metamorphic – rocks changed by the effect of heat and pressure. All of these are involved in a continuous flow of rock from the surface underground only to emerge again later as part of the on-going rock cycle.

15. Igneous rocks These are rocks formed by the cooling of molten rock (magma.) magma volcano Magma cools and solidifies forming igneous rocks.

16. Types of igneous rocks Igneous rocks divide into two main groups: –Intrusive igneous –Extrusive igneous. Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, are formed when magma solidifies within the ground. Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, are formed when magma solidifies above the ground.

17. Igneous rocks and crystal size The more slowly a rock changes from liquid to solid the bigger the crystals grow. Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, usually have clearly visible crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, have crystals that are usually small. Intrusive igneous rocks that cool really slowly can have very big crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks that cool really quickly can have a glassy appearance.

18. Chemical and Physical Weathering Surface rocks seem to be gradually reduced in size by weathering processes. Chemical weathering is when chemicals, such as those in acid rain, ‘eat’ away certain rocks. Physical weathering is to do with the rocks being broken down by the action of wind, rain and sun. For example, during the freezing and thawing of water in the cracks of rocks, the expansion of water makes the rocks splinter. The small broken fragments wash into rivers and, eventually, reach the sea where they settle as sediment.

19. Sedimentary Rocks are rocks formed when particles of sediment build up and are “cemented together” by the effect of pressure and minerals. sea Fragments washed to the sea Sedimentary rocks Rocks are broken up by the action of weather Sedimentary rocks

20. Sedimentary Rocks tend to have visible grains of sediment. Sometimes they contain fossils. They are usually softer than igneous rocks. Examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone and mudstone. Getting older Sandstone is formed from the cementing together of grains of sand. Sedimentary rocks

21. Magma metamorphic rock forming here Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of heat and pressure on existing rocks. This can greatly affect the hardness, texture or layer patterns of the rocks. heat Pressure from surface rocks Metamorphic rocks

22. Marble, slate and schist are metamorphic. –Limestone is a rock often formed from the sediment of shells. Temperature and pressure cause the rock to reform as small crystals that are much harder. It is used as a hard and decorative stone in buildings, sculptures etc. –Slate is formed when pressure squeezes mudstone into plate like grey sheets. It is used in roofing. –Schist and mica are formed when mudstone is subjected to very high temperatures as well as pressure. Again they contain layers which is typical of many (not all) metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks

23. Match the rock with the correct description. Give an example of this type of rock. Rock type Description intrusive igneous Large crystals, hard rock metamorphicSandy texture, soft rock extrusive igneous Small crystals, hard rock sedimentaryWavy layers of crystals Activity

24. The rock cycle

25. Crack the code! What should this really say? (Giant hewer) leads to fragments collecting in the sea and forming (am seen dirty) rocks such as chalk, (sum to end) and (and so nest). Heat and (perusers) can lead to (a chem import) rocks such as (stale) and (ambler). Some of these will melt and eventually cool as they approach the surface to form (I ruin vets) (go in use) rocks such as (get rain). Weathering sedimentary mudstonesandstone pressuremetamorphic slatemarble intrusive igneousgranite Activity

26. What gases would have formed the original atmosphere around planet Earth? 1. Hydrogen and helium 2. Oxygen and nitrogen 3. Methane and ammonia 4. Carbon dioxide and water

27. What gases form the majority of the present atmosphere around planet Earth? 1. Hydrogen and helium 2. Oxygen and nitrogen 3. Methane and ammonia 4. Carbon dioxide and water

28. What gas protects us against dangerous UV radiation? 1. Sulphur dioxide 2. Nitrogen oxide 3. Methane 4. Ozone

29. What gas is a major cause of the greenhouse effect? 1. Sulphur dioxide 2. Nitrogen oxide 3. Carbon dioxide 4. Chlorine dioxide

30. What process increases atmospheric carbon dioxide levels? 1. Photosynthesis 2. Respiration 3. Formation of Fossil fules 4. Formation of carbonate rocks

31. What layer of the Earth is around 50Km thick and high in silicon and oxygen? 1. Inner core 2. Outer core 3. Mantle 4. Crust

32. What layer of the Earth is mostly molten iron and nickel? 1. Inner core 2. Outer core 3. Mantle 4. Crust

33. What layer of the Earth is made of viscous semi-molten magma? 1.Inner core 2.Outer core 3.Mantle 4.Crust

34. What type of rock is formed by solidification of molten magma? 1. Igneous 2. Metamorphic 3. Sedimentary 4. Fossilised

35. What type of rock is formed by cementation of small particles of weathered rock? 1. Igneous 2. Metamorphic 3. Sedimentary 4. Fossilised

36. What type of rock is formed by the effect of heat and pressure upon other rocks? 1. Igneous 2. Metamorphic 3. Sedimentary 4. Fossilised

37. What type of rock is least likely to contain fossils? 1. Igneous 2. Metamorphic 3. Sedimentary 4. Fossilised

38. What is the process where tectonic plates separate and magma creates new solid crust? 1. Weathering 2. Ageing 3. Sea floor spreading 4. Sedimentation

39. What is the process where tectonic plates move gradually apart? 1. Continental breakfast 2. Continental drift 3. The rock cycle 4. Subduction

40. not Which of these is not evidence for continental drift theories? 1. Similarities of fossils 2. Similarities of rock layers 3. Jig-saw fit of coastal shapes 4. Similarities of climate