1. Abraham Maslow

2. Hierarchy of Needs

3. Hierarchy of Needs Instinctoid: hereditary component
Activate and direct human behavior
We are not driven by all needs at the same time

4. Characteristics of Needs
Lower (deficiency) vs. higher (being) needs
Strength
Time they appear in life
External circumstances

5. Physiological Needs Bottom of hierarchy
Basic survival needs: food, water, sex

6. Safety Needs Second from bottom of hierarchy
Structure, order, stability, predictability
More important to children than normal adults

7. Belongingness and Love Needs
Middle of hierarchy
Intimate and social relationships

8. Esteem Needs Fourth from bottom of hierarchy 2 forms of esteem needs:
From ourselves: feelings of self-worth
From others: status, recognition, social success

9. Self-Actualization Need
Pinnacle of hierarchy
Maximum realization of potentials, talents, abilities
Fullest personality development
Even if satisfy all other needs, person will feel restless and discontent if not self-actualizing

10. Conditions for Self-Actualization
Free of constraints
Not distracted by lower needs
Secure self-image and relationships
Realistic knowledge of strengths and weaknesses

11. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
Efficient perception of reality
Acceptance of selves, others, nature
Spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness
Focus on problems outside of themselves
Social interest
Creativeness

12. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
Peak experiences: religious, mystical experiences
Profound interpersonal relationships
Resistance to enculturation
Extremely rare- seen in less than 1% of the population

13. Research in Malsow’s Theory
Negative correlation between high self-actualizing scores and alcoholism, mental disorders, neuroticism
Meeting esteem needs: greater feelings of self-worth, self-confidence, competence (similar to Badura’s self-efficacy)

14. Criticisms of Maslow’s Theory
Weak research methodology
Small sample size
Lack of empirical methods
Vague terms (peak experiences)

15. Contributions of Maslow
Further development of humanism in psychology
Applicable to variety of disciplines (teaching, religion, business)
Very optimistic- may be more appealing to some than behavioral or psychoanalytic approaches