1. Fruits Seed: Ovule and its Contents Testa (Seed Coat) = Ovule Wall
Embryo, Endosperm
Fruit: Ovary and anything attached to it
Pericarp = Ovary Wall with three layers, Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp
Seed(s)

2. Ovaries from Fused Carpels
septate
nonseptate
axial parietal
3 Carpellate
3 Loculate
3 Septa
3 Carpellate
1 Loculate
0 Septa
basal
marginal axial parietal free central
Walters and Keil
marginal axial parietal free central apical

3. A Taxonomy of Fruits
1a. From a Single Ovary
2a. Dry
3a. Indehiscent
4a. One Single-Ovuled Carpel
5a. Testa and Pericarp Not Fused
Achene [Rosaceae]: Persistent Funiculus
4b. Two (Three) Single-Ovuled Fused Carpels, One Locule, One Seed
6a. Testa and Pericarp Not Fused
7a. Thin, Flexus Pericarp
Cypsella [Asteraceae only]: Persistent Funiculus,
Persistent Sepals. Often called an Achene. Sunflower
Samara [Ulmaceae]: Winged Pericarp. Maple, Ash, Elm
7b. Thick, Hard Pericarp
Nut [Fagaceae, Polygonacae]: Oak
6b. Testa and Pericarp Fused
8a. Thin, Flexus Pericarp
Caryopsis [Poaceae]: Often called a Grain. Corn, Wheat
8b. Thick, Hard Pericarp
Nutlet (First Sense) [Cyperaceae]

4. 2a. Dry (Continued)
3b. Dehiscent
9a. Single Carpel, One-Many Seeded
10a. One Line of Dehiscence (One Valve)
Follicle [Asclepiaceae]: Milkweed
10b. Two Lines of Dehiscence (Two Valves)
Legume [Fabaceae only]: Peanut, Pea
9b. Several Fused Carpels, Many Seed
Capsule: Okra, Poppy
9c. Two Fused, Many Seeded, Carpels with Modification
Silique/Silicle [Brassicaceae only]:
2b. Fleshy
11a. Flesh from Pericarp
12a. Entire Pericarp Fleshy
Berry: Tomato
12b. Thick Exocarp, Fleshy Mesocarp and Endocarp
Pepo [Cucurbitaceae]: Cucumber, Pumpkin
Hesperidium [Rutaceae]: Orange
12c. Hard or Leathery Endocarp
Drupe: Cherry, Avocodo, Coconut

5. 2b. Fleshy (Continued)
11b. Accessory Fruits
12a. Flesh from Hypanthium
Pome [Rosaceae]: Apple, Pear
12b. Flesh from Receptacle (in Aggregate Fruits)
Expansion of the Axis: Strawberry
Envelopment by the Axis, Pseudocarp: Sweetshrub, Papaw
12d. Flesh from Sepals
Mullberry (a Multiple Fruit)
11c. Flesh from Inflorescence Axis (in Multiple Fruits)
Expansion of the Axis: Pineapple
Envelopment by the Axis, Synconium: Fig
1b. Several Transiently Fused Carpels
Schizocarp: Single-Ovuled Carpels, Splitting apart at Maturity
Nutlet (Second Sense): Two-Ovules per Carpel, Two Carpels, Each Ovule
in its own compartment. [Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae]
1c. From Several Unfused Carpels (Aggregate Fruits)
Magnolia, Strawberry
1d. From Several Flowers (Multiple Fruits)
Pineapple, Ear of Corn

6. Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene
Single-Ovuled, Single Carpellate Ovary
Achene: Testa attached to Pericarp only via Persistent Funiculus
Utricle: An Achene with the Pericarp inflated away from the Testa
Sometimes used to describe an inflated fruit of other types

7. Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene-like
Single Ovule per Carpel, Two Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule Develops
Cypasella: Achene-like with Adnate Calyx (Pappus)
[Asteraceae Only: Sunflower]
Samara: Achene-like with Winged Pericarp
[Ulmaceae: Elm, Maple, Ash]

8. Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene-like
Involucre
(bracts)
Single Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule Develops
Nut: Hard Pericarp
[Fagaceae: Oak]

9. Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Caryopsis or Grain
Single Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule Develops
Pericarp
Testa
Endosperm
Embryo
Caryopsis or Grain, Testa completely Fused to Pericarp, both Thin
[Poaceae Only: Corn, Wheat]
Nutlet (First Sense), Testa completely Fused to the Pericarp; Pericarp Thick
[Cyperaceae]
Often used to describe small nut-like fruits

10. Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Follicle
Multi-Ovuled (usually), Single Carpellate Ovary; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
Follicle: Single Carpellate, Dehiscing along One Suture
[Asclepiaceae: Milkweed]

11. Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Legume
Breaks into
Single-Seeded
Segments
Loment
Tardily Dehiscent
Along One Suture
Multi-Ovuled (usually), Single Carpellate Ovary; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
Legume: Single Carpellate, Dehiscing along Two Sutures
[Fabaceae Only: Peanut, Pea]

12. Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Capsule and Silicle/Silique
Multi-Seeded, Syncarpellate Ovaries; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
Denticidal
Schizocarpic
Septicidal
Loculicidal
Poricidal
Circumscissile
Silicle Silique
Along both sides of Partition (Replum)
[Brassicaceae Only]
Capsules: Syncarpellate, dehiscing
through, between, or above Carpels

13. Flesh from Various Tissues
Fleshy Fruits
Flesh from Various Tissues
Hesperidium
Mesocarp and Endocarp
Exocarp Oily and a Rind
[Rutaceae Only: Orange]
Hypanthium
Mesocarp
Endocarp attached
to Seed = Pyrene,
Pit
Mesocarp and Endocarp
Exocarp a Rind
[Cucurbitaceae: Cucumber]
Entire Pericarp

14. Aggregate Fruits Multiple Fruits
Achenes surrounded
by Sepals
Mulberry
Drupelets
Raspberry
Achenes
Rose
Follicles
Magnolia
Syconium
Fig
Achenes
Strawberry
Single Flower with Aggregate of Unfused Carpels on its Receptacle, or
Multiple Flowers on a Spath-or Head-like Receptacle

15. Single Ovule per Carpel, Transiently Fused Carpels: Schizocarps
Samaroid Schizocarp
(tardily separating)
Schizocarp: Single Ovule per Carpel, Fused Carpels that break apart at Maturity
Carpels usually called Mericarps; can be Achenes, Drupes, etc.

16. Single Seeded Dry Fruits: Nutlet (Second Sense)
Sepals
Nutlet: ‘Mericarp’ from a Two Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate, Ovary
Develops as 4 Transiently Fused Compartments
Not a true Schizocarp producing true Mericarps
[Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae]
Nutlets often used to describe any small Nut-like Fruits

17. Rosales Rosaceae Rose Family Malus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
Fused Hypanthium; Fruit a Fleshy Pome

18. Rosales Rosaceae Rose Family Malus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
Fleshy Hypanthium
Persistent Sepals
Longitudinal Section Transverse Section
5-Carpellate, 5 Loculate Ovary
Most Cultivars are Genetic Mosaics: Seed is wild-type and Flesh is Mutant.
Propagated by grafting shoots onto wild-type rootstock.

19. Rosales Rosaceae Rose Family Malus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
Three tissue layers in plants: L-I epidermis; L-II subepidermal; L-III middle, central
These rarely mix except in thin structures such as leaf blades
Both Hypanthium and Ovary each have their own L-I, L-II, and L-III
Ovary: L-II Gametophytes and thus Seed in the Apple Fruit (wildtype)
Hypanthium: L-I Color of Apple Fruit (mutant)
L-II Insignificant
L-III Flesh of Apple Fruit (mutant)

20. Rosales Rosaceae Rose Family Malus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed):
Missionary for his own religion; Sold seed and seedlings of cider apples throughout the Northwest Territory. Northwest Ordinance required a land-grantee to plant at least 50 apple or pear trees.These were not eating apples, but “sour enough to set a squirrel's teeth on edge and make a jay scream” (Thoreau), used only for hard cider. Before refrigeration, store carbohydrate as alchohol. Carry Nation’s axe was for apple trees as well as bar-rooms. Cider also declined because of Beer Industry by German immigrants.
Read Michael Pollan, The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-eye View of the World
Apples, Tulips, Marijuana and Potatos