1. Mycotoxins – A Challenge to Trade and Commerce
Suzanne Heinen
Administrator Foreign Agricultural Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture February 14, 2013

2. Aflatoxin: Impacts Food and Feed
Poultry fed with Contaminated Feed ( >500 PPB)
Pig on the right is consuming feed with aflatoxin.

3. Aflatoxin Contamination: A Perennial Concern in Warm Climates
Climate Change
35ºS

4. Permitted Use (Examples)
Regulating Aflatoxin
Action Level
Commodity
Permitted Use (Examples)
300 ppb
Cottonseed meal
Beef cattle, swine, poultry (regardless of age or breeding status)
Corn, Peanut Products
Finishing beef cattle (e.g., feedlot)
200 ppb
Finishing Swine (100 lbs or more)
100 ppb
Breeding beef cattle, breeding swine, mature poultry
20 ppb
Corn, Peanut Products, Other Animal Feed/Feed Ingredients1
Immature animals, dairy animals
0.5 ppb (M1)
Milk
1Excluding cottonseed meal except for use in feeding dairy animals
20 ppb
Corn, Peanut Products
Human food

5. Aflatoxin and US Trade 46 ` 23 3 3

6. Mycotoxins and Turkish Trade

7. Specific Incidents of Aflatoxin Contamination in West Africa
Primary Products
Maize: 4,000 – Benin
Peanut: – Burkina
Sorghum: 80 – Ghana
Rice: – Nigeria
Millet: – Nigeria
Tiger nuts: – Nigeria
Food Products
Peanut paste: 3,278 – Ghana
Peanut sauce: – Ghana
Leaf sauce: – Gambia
Maize dough: – Ghana
Kenkey: – Ghana
Cashew paste: – Ghana
Peanut oil: – Nigeria
Yam flour: 7,600 – Nigeria
Local beer: – Nigeria
Codex:
10-15 ppb for Human Food Uses other than milk
Levels Shown in PPB

8. Groundnut Pyramids in Nigeria during 1960s
African Trade
World Bank; Mbaye (2004)
Groundnut Pyramids in Nigeria during 1960s

9. Transparent & scientific regulatory system
Toward Improved Trade
Standards
Farmer awareness
Organized commodity markets
Sampling & testing regime
Laboratory system
Participation in international standards organizations
Transparent & scientific regulatory system
Strong industry organization

10. Thank You