1. Tradeoff Analysis Illustrative results

2. TOA projects Ecuador - Carchi Potato-pasture system High external inputs Steep slopes High altitude (>2800 m.a.s.l.) Well-distributed rainfall 950-1300 mm/yr Mean temperatures (9-12 ° C)

3. Ecuador - Carchi Stakeholder meetings Indicators Economic indicators Human health effects of pesticides Environmental effects of pesticides Water erosion Tillage erosion

4. Ecuador - Carchi Stakeholder meetings Scenarios Price policies Pesticide handling (incl. protective clothing) Integrated Pest Management

5. Ecuador - Carchi

8. Inherent productivity Carbofuran use Potato/dairy ratio Tillage erosion Carbofuran leaching

9. Carbofuran leaching Low High

10. Carbofuran leaching Low High

11. Carbofuran leaching Low High

12. Carbofuran leaching Low High

13. Carbofuran leaching Low High

14. Carbofuran leaching Low High

15. Carbofuran leaching Low High

16. Carbofuran leaching Low High

17. Carbofuran leaching Low High

18. Ecuador - Carchi

19. Capacity development through IPM Farmer Field Schools Participatory technology development (CIALs) Exchanges among communities Activities centered on men

20. Ecuador - Carchi Activities centered on women Knowledge strengthening (IPM FFS, directed training) Introduction of IPM to grade school curriculum Propaganda campaigns

21. Ecuador - Carchi Community level action Strengthening community participation through: –Exchange of information and public discussion –Analysis of tradeoffs –Site visits Advocacy: –Elimination of highly toxics –Public investment in IPM

22. Ecuador - Carchi Farmer field schools Reduction in pesticide use, while maintaining production (19 t/ha): 12 to 7 applications (60% less active ingredient by area) Reduction in use of most toxic pesticides: Metamidaphos (40%), Carbofuran (75%) Improved profitability: Cost/tm $21 (22%); net benefit/ha. $722 (36%); return on investment: from 120% to 145%

23. TOA projects Peru – Cajamarca Potato-pasture-grain system Low external inputs Steep slopes High altitude (3200 -3600 m.a.s.l.) Average annual rainfall <700mm/yr Temperatures around 10°C

24. Peru - Cajamarca Stakeholder meetings Indicators Economic indicators Water erosion Carbon sequestration

25. Peru - Cajamarca Stakeholder meetings Scenarios Terracing Carbon contracts Climate change

26. Cajamarca - terracing

27. Cajamarca – climate change

28. Cajamarca - terracing 0 100 % Subsidy % profitable terraced fields Steep slopes Minor slopes Incl. maintenance subsidy Construction subsidy

29. Cajamarca – carbon sequestration 0 12000 300 Carbon (metric tons) Price ($/metric ton) Terraces + Agro-forestry (high carbon) Terraces (high carbon) Terraces (Low carbon)

30. TOA projects Senegal - Njoro Peanut-millet rotation Low external inputs Rolling/flat terrain Low altitude (<50 m.a.s.l.) Semi-arid climate (<700 mm/yr) Average temperature 24° C

31. Senegal - carbon supply curves 0 100 45000 Carbon (Mg) C Price ($/Mg) Fertilizer Fertilizer + Crop residues Note threshold effect of increased labor costs plus transaction costs.

32. TOA projects Kenya - Machakos Mixed crop-livestock system Low external inputs Steep slopes Altitude (500-2000 m.a.s.l.) Semi-arid climate (500-1500 mm/yr) Average temperature 20° C