1. Credit Risk Assessment of Corporate Sector in Croatia Saša Cerovac, Lana Ivičić Croatian National Bank Financial Stability Department

2. Structure of the presentation  Intro – motivation and credit risk assessment framework  Data & definitions  Migration matrices  Logit model  Applications and further steps

3. Objective  Modeling credit risk of non-financial businesses entities: assessment and predicting of the rating migration probabilities predicting the probability of being in the default state  A contribution to the development of the CNB's technical infrastructure designed for the credit risk assessment (Figure 1)Figure 1

4. Data sources  Two primary databases: CNB’s database with prudential information on bank exposures and exposure ratings (quarterly frequency) Financial Agency (FINA): micro data on corporate financial accounts (annual frequency)

5. Data preparation & cleaning (I)  Detailed CNB’s database available since June 2006 full coverage of the banks and detailed risk classification  Entries for non-residents, non-corporates, non-market based firms, group of activities and unidentified debtors (other debtors and portfolio of small loans) are removed from the population  All exposures towards each single debtor are summed according to their ID number and multiple entries are avoided by prioritizing them according to supervisory actions

6. Data preparation & cleaning (II)  Exposures towards small debtors – those not exceeding 100,000 kunas (13,500 euros) - are also removed reducing the volatility steaming from group of debtors that have marginal share in total liabilities of the corporate sector  Negative values (“overpayments”) were treated as no exposure  Sample was stabilized by removal of enterprises entering and/or exiting the database during the period under observation (year, quarter)

7. Combining the CNB’s and FINA’s databases  Some further data reductions took place in the modeling phase due to errors and omissions in FINA’s database  Merging CNB’s database with annual financial statements of private non-financial companies obtained from FINA reduced sample dataset to 7,719 firms during 2007 and 2008 (covering more than 75% of bank’s exposures towards market-oriented corporates)  Final data set: non-balanced panel of 12,462 observations of binary dependent variable – default state.

8. Construction of credit rating (I)  The CNB's database provides only information on the risk classification of individual exposures (placements and off-balance sheet liabilities) - no risk classification of debtors AX - standard A90d – standard, but over 90 days overdue B – substandard (over 90 days overdue) C – delinquent (over 365 days overdue)

9. Construction of credit rating (II)  The procedure for classifying debtors into distinct risk categories is based on solving a simple optimization problem derived from the risk classification of their total debt to the banking system as a whole

10. Distribution of rated debtors from June 2006 to December 2008

11. Definition of default  Following the provisions of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Basel II Accord) and applying general definition of default (Official Journal of the European Union, I.177 p. 113) : Default state: ratings A90d, B or C

12. Rating migrations and the probability of default  Migration matrix Migration frequency: Discrete multinomial estimator: Migrations forecast: Domestic corporate sector: no absorbing state (reversals are possible); k=4 where over horizon

13. Unconditional migration matrices Note: Initial rating in rows, terminal rating in columns PD PR Degree of rating stability

14. Conditional matrices I Hypothetical distributions of rating upgrades/downgrades

15. Quarterly conditional migration matrices II Note: a. Initial rating in rows, terminal rating in columns b. Differences in migration frequencies that are statistically significant (5% level) in relation to the parameters of unconditional matrix are in italic[4].[4] [4] The t-statistics is derived from binominal standard error.

16. Empirical regularities Probability of default (reversal) in correlation with credit rating Historical evolution of PDs across sectors

17. One-year forecasts Note: Initial rating in rows, terminal rating in columns

18. Modeling default state  Multivariate logit regression  Binary dependent variable y i,t explained by the set of factors X  The probability that a company defaults is  Using the logit function:

19. Share of firms in default across sectors

20. Selection of explanatory variables  Initial set: Financial ratios: liquidity (16), solvency (23), activity (12), efficiency (7), profitability (27) and investment indicators (1) Size variables Sectoral dummies  Time lag: t-1  Correction of outliers: winsorization

21. Selection of explanatory variables  Univariate analysis Mean equality test Graphical analysis: scatterplots Univariate logit models: ROC

22. Boxplots

23. Scatterplots

24. ROC  The predictive power of a discrete-choice model is measured through its: Sensibility (fraction of true positives): the probability of correctly classifying an individual whose observed situation is “default” Specificity (fraction of true negatives): the probability of correctly classifying an individual whose observed situation is “no default”

25. ROC curves in univariate analysis  Profitability indicators seem to have highest univariate classification ability: AUCs ranging from 0.69 to 0.75  Among liquidity indicators, the best performing is the ratio of cash to total assets  Funding structure appears to be a good individual predictor of default too: ratios of equity capital to total assets and to total liabilities reach AUC values of above 0.70

26. Multivariate models  Intermediate choice: 28 financial ratios  Numerous models including different groups of variables were tested  Final multivariate model was chosen among best performing combinations of 3, 4, 5 and 6 explanatory variables + economic activity dummy

27. Best performing competing models Sector Liquidity Financial leverage Profit Activity Size Indicator

28. Marginal effects at the means of independent variables

29. Kernel density estimate of default probabilities distribution for defaulted and non-defaulted companies

30. Cross-border lending effects on credit risk distribution "In the presence of the effective credit limits, foreign banks help arrange direct cross-border borrowing for their clients, typically for the most creditworthy large corporates, leaving the Croatian banks mostly with customers with no other sources of financing.” IMF (2008): Republic of Croatia: Financial System Stability Assessment—Update

31. Model application I (debt) Cumulative distribution of debt according to the origin of a creditor

32. Model application II (debtors) Cumulative distribution of debt according to the origin of a creditor

33. Further steps  Refinements of the approach: Searching for alternative definitions of default Applying alternative estimators and modeling conditionality of ratings dynamics Examining alternatives for the selection of explanatory variables Correcting for selection bias using multinomial logit Modeling the event of default (PD) Modeling the event of reversal (PR) Improving explanatory power using macroeconomic variables (contingent on longer data series)  Model applications: Forecasts of EAD Stress-testing of the corporate sector

34. Credit risk assessment in the Croatian National Bank