1. ENDOPTERYGOTES

2. ENDOPTERYGOTA (=HOLOMETABOLA) Major Change in Life Pattern Exopterygota Egg NymphAdult Endopterygota EggLarvaPupaAdult

3. Changes needed in becoming an endopterygote 1. Larval musculature - not functional in adult 2. Change in gut 3. Mouthpart modifications

4. Are there intermediates? Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) - histolysis of nymphal organs - wing development is external

5. Are there intermediates? Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) - histolysis of nymphal organs - wing development is external Thrips (Thysanoptera) - histolysis of nymphal intestine, salivary glands, head and thoracic muscles; brain shifts from thorax in nymph to head in "pupa" and adult - wing development is external

6. Metamorphosis - how do they do it?

8. Endopterygota Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera ? Strepsiptera Some larval epidermis is retained All adult cuticle is from imaginal discs Primitive groups retain larval epidermis, in advanced groups all adult cuticle is from imaginal discs Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Coleoptera Occurrence of Imaginal Discs

9. Metamorphosis - waste products Deamination Protein breakdown Ammonia - toxic Uric acid Meconium

10. Predominance of the Endopterygota

11. Insecta Archaeognatha Thysanura Pterygota Paleoptera Neoptera Orthopteroids Hemipteroids Endopterygota Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Hymenoptera Phylogeny of Insects

12. Neuropteroid Orders Endopterygota Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Hymenoptera

13. NEUROPTEROID ORDERS (NEUROPTIDA) NEUROPTERA (antlions, lacewings) MEGALOPTERA (Dobsonflies, alderflies) RHAPHIDIOPTERA (snakeflies) STREPSIPTERA (twisted wing parasites)

14. 500 400 300 200 100 0 Entognatha Archaeognatha Zygentoma = Thysanura) Ephemeroptera Odonata Plecoptera Embiodea Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea ? Orthoptera Phasmatodea Blattaria Isoptera Mantodea Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera SilurianDevonianCarboniferousPermianTriassicJurassicCretaceous Holometabola Neoptera Insecta Pterygota Apterygotes Paleoptera Hemimetabolous Holometabolous Hexapoda

15. Weigman et al, 2009 Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera Trichoptera Neuroptera Megaloptera Rhaphidionaptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera Hymenoptera HEMIMETABOLOUS Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Molecular evidence

16. Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera Trichoptera Neuroptera Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera Hymenoptera Comparison of Phylogenies Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera ?Strepsiptera Hymenoptera

17. 1. Sister group to the Endopterygota 2. Within the coleopteran suborder Polyphaga 3. Sister group to Coleoptera 4. Sister group to true flies (Diptera) Placement of the Strepsiptera

18. Strepsiptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders 500 Twisted wing parasites, strepsipterans Parasites of other insects -reduced life stages -triungulin larva -forewings are halteres Strepsi - twisted, ptera - wing -wings with few veins -females - breed while larval

19. Strepsiptera - features Males - ‘ raspberry eye’ Forewings = halteres

21. Strepsiptera - Life cycle Triungulin (1 st instar larva) hatches Seeks host Oral secretions soften host cuticle Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite Moults - 2 nd and 3 rd instar -legless grub Pupation Female stays in host Male leaves to seek mate Mating Host cuticle Cephalothorax Brood canal Genital pore Female larval cuticle

22. Strepsiptera - Males

23. Strepsiptera - Females

24. Strepsiptera - mating sperm = oocyte

25. Strepsiptera - Life cycle Triungulin (1 st instar larva) hatches Seeks host Oral secretions soften host cuticle Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite Moults - 2 nd and 3 rd instar -legless grub Pupation Female stays in host Male leaves to seek mate Mating Host cuticle Cephalothorax Brood canal Genital pore Female larval cuticle

26. Neuroptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders 5000 Lacewings, antlions Variable -numerous crossveins in wing -larvae with incomplete gut Neuro - nerve, ptera - wing -most primitive endopterygote -predaceous larvae

27. Neuroptera - who are they? Lacewings Adults - predatory or pollen feeders Larvae - predatory

28. Neuroptera - who are they? Mantispidae -convergent evolution with Mantodea

29. Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions

30. Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions Larvae construct pits to trap prey

31. Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions Modifications for anchoring

32. Antlion

33. Native Representations Mimbres people were prehistoric Native Americans who lived from around C.E. 200 to 1350 in what is now southwestern New Mexico. Mimbres bowl

34. Neuroptera - who are they? Sisyridae - spongilla flies

35. Neuroptera - who are they? Sisyridae - spongilla flies Eggs laid overhanging vegetation 3 larval instars Overwinter as 3 rd instar or prepupa Adults live 2 weeks Crawl to bank & pupate 2- 5 generations Hatch and parasitize sponges

36. Megaloptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders 300 Dobsonflies, alderflies Variable, larvae - aquatic Megalo - large, ptera - wing -predatory larvae with complete gut -anal fold in wing -pronotum slightly extended -mandibles in adult not used

37. Megaloptera - who are they? Adult Larva - “hellgrammite”

38. Megaloptera - who are they? Adult

39. Dobsonfly - predator

40. Megaloptera - who are they? Life cycle Adults mate Eggs laid overhanging water Eggs hatch & larvae drop into stream/pond Hellgrammite larva Pupate in earthen cell

41. Raphidioptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders 225 snakeflies Raphidio - needle, ptera - wing Forests - found west of Rockies -greatly extended pronotum -adults and larvae predatory