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IPM for Sustainable Sugarcane
Production in Florida Gregg Nuessly Everglades REC-IFAS Belle Glade
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440,000 acres
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IPM of Florida Sugarcane Insect Pests
Grouped by Plant Damage: Roots, Seed Pieces, Tillers Stalks Foliage
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Insect Pests of Sugarcane Roots, Seed Pieces, Shoots
Sugarcane grub - root feeder Corn wireworm - root, shoot feeder Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) - shoot feeder
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Sugarcane grub Root feeding causes - reduced vigor - lodging in storms
- stool dislodging during harvest Larva Adult
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Corn wireworm Shoot and seed piece feeding causes - dead heart &
stand loss Larva Adult
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Lesser cornstalk borer - dead heart
Shoot feeding causes - dead heart & stand loss Larvae Adults
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Lesser cornstalk borer damage Rows of holes Feeding tube Dead shoots
New shoot
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IPM for Pests of Roots, Seed Pieces and Shoots *Cultural Control
- Disking & cultivating - kills and exposes them to natural enemies - Flooding and rotation (Rice) - soil type, season & duration
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IPM for Pests of Roots, Seed Pieces and Shoots *Cultural Control
- Weed control in fallow fields reduces Summer egg deposits by wireworm adults
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IPM for Pests of Roots, Seed Pieces and Shoots *Chemical Control
- At plant treatment for grubs and wireworms directed into furrows when flooding or rice rotation is not possible - Post emergence for LCB
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Insect Pests of Sugarcane
Stalks Sugarcane borer - leaves, mid to upper stalks West Indian sugarcane weevil - lower stalks
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Sugarcane borer Stalk feeding causes - breaking, microbial
rot of stalk, reduced yield Larva Adult
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West Indian sugarcane weevil
Stalk feeding causes broken stalks, microbial rot of stalks, increased rat damage, yield loss Larva Adult
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West Indian sugarcane weevil damage
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IPM for Pests of Stalks *Biological control
- Cotesia flavipes, parasitoid of sugarcane borer released in 1960’s - Research by Dr. David Hall, U.S.Sugar Corp., led to culture and mass production of wasps
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Biological control of sugarcane borer Cotesia flavipes Adult Larvae
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IPM for Pests of Stalks *Economic threshold used to
initiate treatments - Fields scouted for damage - Sugarcane borer larvae examined for parasitism - Cotesia wasps released in fields as needed to augment natural levels of parasitism
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IPM for Pests of Stalks *Host plant resistance - Breeding programs
(public and private) select for clones resistant to insects and diseases - Some clones much more susceptible to stalk pests
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IPM for Pests of Stalks *Chemical control
- Insecticides applied by air when late season damage is above threshold - Recent registration of selective material provides alternative that preserves natural enemy complex
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Insect Pests of Sugarcane
Foliage Sucking insect pests - Yellow sugarcane aphid - White sugarcane aphid - Sugarcane lace bug Chewing insect pests - Armyworms - Cutworms
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Yellow sugarcane aphid
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Yellow sugarcane aphid
Late season Early season Prolonged feeding leads to reduced stalk diameter and yield loss
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Yield loss from yellow sugarcane aphid
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White sugarcane aphid
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White sugarcane aphid Honeydew deposits and sooty
mold fungus, but no losses
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Sugarcane lace bug Leaf feeding results in yellow and
red discoloration, large populations can lead to premature leaf death
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IPM for Pests of Foliage
Natural biological control agents often keep populations below damage threshold and respond to outbreaks - Ants (incl. red imported fire ants), earwigs, beetles, flower flies and spiders
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Aphid predators Doru taeniatum Diomus terminatus
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Aphid predators Olla v-nigrum Coelophora inaequalis Harmonia axyridis
Hippodamia convergens Cycloneda sanguinea
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IPM for Pests of Foliage
*Host plant resistance - Yellow sugarcane aphids colonize and damage only small subset of clones - Stage 3 clones now being evaluated for resistance
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IPM for Pests of Foliage
*Chemical control Broad spectrum insecticides used as last resort to prevent or minimize losses from foliage pests
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Summary - Insect pests of roots, seed pieces, shoots & foliage
- IPM in Sugarcane includes: cultural (incl. flooding & rotation), chemical and biological controls, scouting using treatment thresholds, breeding program for host plant resistance
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Summary - Natural and augmentative biological
control agents important for maintaining insect populations under economic thresholds
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