1. Planktonic Organisms

2. Introduction Plankton = Organisms that drift in the water Plankton = Organisms that drift in the water Cannot move against the current Cannot move against the current Characterized by size: Characterized by size: Pico-, nano-, micro-, macro- and mega-plankton Pico-, nano-, micro-, macro- and mega-plankton Most abundant type of life on earth Most abundant type of life on earth Basis of the marine food web Basis of the marine food web

3. Types of plankton “Plankton” describes a lifestyle, not an ancestral relationship or evolutionary connection “Plankton” describes a lifestyle, not an ancestral relationship or evolutionary connection The inability to swim is the only feature common to all plankton. The inability to swim is the only feature common to all plankton. Organisms may be: Organisms may be: Photosynthetic (phytoplankton) Photosynthetic (phytoplankton) Chemosynthetic (bacteria) Chemosynthetic (bacteria) Heterotrophic (zooplankton) Heterotrophic (zooplankton)

4. Phytoplankton Drift within the photic zone Drift within the photic zone Provide 40% of the food made by photosynthesis on Earth Provide 40% of the food made by photosynthesis on Earth Main kinds: Main kinds: Diatoms (Radiolaria) Diatoms (Radiolaria) Dinoflagellates (symbiotic) Dinoflagellates (symbiotic) Cyanophytes/Cyanobacteria Cyanophytes/Cyanobacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Coccolithophores Coccolithophores Picoplankton Picoplankton

5. Zooplankton “Animal” plankton “Animal” plankton Nearly every major animal group is represented Nearly every major animal group is represented Heterotrophs Heterotrophs Most numerous consumers in the ocean Most numerous consumers in the ocean Graze on phytoplankton Graze on phytoplankton Two types: Two types: 1. Holoplankton 2. Meroplankton Octopus larva Octopus adult

6. Zooplankton Examples Terebellid worm larva Scale worm larva Copepod Candacia Mantis shrimp larva Burrowing Anemone larva

7. Holoplankton Organism that spends its entire life as plankton Organism that spends its entire life as plankton Examples: krill, copepods, some sea snails & slugs, jellyfish and some marine worms. Examples: krill, copepods, some sea snails & slugs, jellyfish and some marine worms. Sea Butterfly, Pteropod Rhizostome jellyfish Planktonic Polychaete worm

8. Meroplankton Organism that only spends the larval stages as plankton Organism that only spends the larval stages as plankton Examples: sea urchins, starfish, sea squirts, crustaceans, octopus, marine worms, and most reef fishes. Examples: sea urchins, starfish, sea squirts, crustaceans, octopus, marine worms, and most reef fishes. Anemone larva Anemone adult Starfish larva Starfish adult

9. Crustaceans Most abundant kind of meroplankton Most abundant kind of meroplankton Examples: lobsters, crabs, prawns, pill bugs, krill, barnacles, water fleas, and brine shrimp (sea monkeys) Examples: lobsters, crabs, prawns, pill bugs, krill, barnacles, water fleas, and brine shrimp (sea monkeys) Lobster Metamorphosis Larva Juvenile Adult Larva Juvenile Adult Mantis Shrimp

10. Staying Afloat Buoyancy = ability to stay afloat Buoyancy = ability to stay afloat - Swim bladder - Store lipids Increase surface area/water resistance Increase surface area/water resistance - Flat shape - Form chains - Projections or spines

11. Bioluminescence Light produced by some organisms Light produced by some organisms Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates May be produced by symbiotic bacteria or enzymes May be produced by symbiotic bacteria or enzymes Uses: Uses: communication communication luring prey luring prey Camouflage Camouflage Escaping from predators Escaping from predators Blue, green, or red Blue, green, or red Brightness can be controlled, base on surroundings Brightness can be controlled, base on surroundings

12. Video Notes: Deep Ocean Number your paper from 1-20 Number your paper from 1-20 Write down 20 facts/examples from the video. Write down 20 facts/examples from the video.