1. Synapses in Drosophila larval neuromuscular junctions

2. Drosophila NMJs
In the developing NMJ of the Drosophila larva, a synapse that can be readily accessed for electrophysiology and easily imaged in a semi-intact preparation. The Drosophila larval NMJ shares important structural and molecular properties with mammalian CNS synapses. It is glutamatergic, with non-NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors, and both the presynaptic active zones and postsynaptic specializations are organized through PDZ interactions in a manner similar to mammalian synapses. In addition, as in certain CNS synapses such as hippocampal CA1 inputs, the NMJ involves multiple neuronal connections onto the postsynaptic muscle. The NMJ also exhibits structural and functional plasticity. During larval development, muscle size increases more than 100-fold, causing a decrease in input resistance. To effectively depolarize and contract the muscle, synaptic currents must also increase as the larva grows. Two general mechanisms upregulate synaptic currents during development: one that regulates presynaptic structure and another that regulates transmission strength. During larval development, the degree of axonal branching as well as the number of boutons and active zones increase. Nascent boutons emerge either de novo or by budding from pre-existing boutons and come equipped with vesicles and active zones.

3. Drosophila neuromuscular junctions
There are fouty motor neurons and thity muscle fibers each hemisegament
Muscle 6
Muscle 7

4. Synaptic structure at third instar NMJs
Green: muscle maker (phalloidin)
Muscle 6/7
synaptic boutons
Red: synapse maker (Dlg)
This slide displays the fly nmj
Here is the A3 segment of larva.
Green is phallodin
Red…is
These boutons mean the mnj synapse

7. Sema II prevents synapse formation

8. Synaptic target recognition: Cell adhesion molecules

9. Role of the IgCAM Fas3: synaptogenic

10. Role of Toll (LRR-TM): anti-synapogenic

11. Complex mechanisms

12. Tyrosine Kinase

13. Formation of branches and boutons

14. Presynaptogenesis at fly NMJB A D C

15. Myopodia during NMJ synapse formation

16. Interdigitating between axon and muscle filopodia

17. Clustering of myopodia depends on axonal filopodia

18. Retrograde BMP signaling regulates synaptic growth
Green: MHC-CD8-GFP-SH (synaptic bouton maker)

19. Pathways in periactive zones regulates synaptic growth