1. Chapter 33
Invertebrates

3. Two views of animal phylogeny: Which is right? Both are useful?

7. Parazoa
Phylum Porifera:  Sponges
1.  Non-moving (sessile) animals
2.  No nerves or muscles (no tissue differentiation)
3.  Mostly marine
4.  Filter feeders:  Collect food particles from water
5.  Most sponges are hermaphrodites.  Hermaphrodites function as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing eggs and sperm.
**All other animals are in the clade Eumetazoa (true tissues).

9. Animals probably evolved from colonial, flagellated protists, like this choanoflagellate colony.

12. Cnidarians
Polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians.
Radial symmetry with central digestive (gastrovascular) cavity.
One opening in the gastrovascular cavity serves as both mouth and anus.
                       
Carnivores.
Phylum name comes from specialized cells called cnidocytes. 
Cnidocytes are stinging cells used for defense and to capture prey.

16. Purple striped jelly, Pelagia panopyra

17. Polyps: Sea anemones

22. Phylum Ctenophora
The Comb jellies
      
Resemble cnidarian medusas.
Use cilia for locomotion.

25. Protostomia:  Lophotrochozoa
Phylum Platyhelminthes:  Flatworms
                       
Sizes range from microscopic up to 20 meters long (tapeworms).
Many are parasites.

27. Class Turbellaria (flatworms)
                                               
i.  Mostly free-living (non-parasitic)
ii.  Feed on small animals, dead animals
iii.  Very flat for O2 exchange.  They have no gas exchange organs.
                       

30. Classes Monogenea/Trematoda
                                              
i.  Live as parasites
ii.  Trematodes parasitize vertebrates. 
For example, humans but often with intermediate hosts. 

31. The life history of a blood fluke (Schistosoma mansoni).

32. Class Cestoidea – Tapeworms
                                               
i.  Live as parasites
ii.  Head contains suckers and hooks that lock onto the intestinal lining of the host.
iii.  The rest of the body is mostly units called proglottids that are sex organs.
iv.  Eggs transferred to new hosts by consuming fecal contaminated water.

33. Anatomy of a tapeworm

35. Phylum Rotifera:  Rotifers
                       
Aquatic
Sizes range from 0.5 to 2 mm
Complete digestive tract

36. A rotifer

38. Lophophorate Phyla:  Bryozoans, Phoronids, & Brachiopods
                       
All of these groups have a lophophore. 
The lophophore is a horseshoe shaped fold near the mouth that is surrounded by ciliated tentacles.
Bryozoans resemble mosses. 
  - They have a hard exoskeleton.
           - They are important as reef builders.
Phoronids are marine worms.
Brachiopods resemble clams.
    

39. A bryozoan

40. A brachiopod

42. Phylum Nemertea:  Proboscis (ribbon) worms
            
Up to 30 meters in length
These worms have a hydraulically-operated proboscis that is used to capture prey.
Closed circulatory system.

43. Nemertea – Proboscis worms

45. Phylum Mollusca:  Mollusks
                       
Snails, clams, octopi, squids, oysters
There are at least 150,000 known species
All mollusks have similar body plans:
a.  Muscular foot
b.  Visceral mass with organs
           c.  Mantle that secretes the shell

52. Bivalvia
Shells divided into two parts. 
Gills are used for feeding and gas exchange.
Example: 
Clams, oysters

54. Dreissena polymorpha
Zebra mussel

55. Cephalopoda
Rapid movement; well-developed nervous systems. 
Example:  Octopus, squid, nautilus

58. Phylum Annelida:  Segmented worms
                       
Sizes range from 1 mm to 3 meters in length.
Each segment contains a pair of excretory tubes called metanephridia.
Annelids are hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize.
Three classes:
a.  Oligochaeta – earthworms
           b.  Polychaeta – mostly marine
           c.  Hirudinea – leeches

66. Protostomia:  Ecdysozoa
           
Phylum Nematoda:  Roundworms
Non-segmented
Some are important parasites of animals.
                                   
Pinworms and hookworms, e.g., Trichinella, obtained by eating undercooked pork; juveniles infect all body organs and tissues.

67. Nematodes

70. Phylum Arthropoda:  Arthropods (crustaceans, spiders, insects)
           
Hard exoskeleton, segmented bodies, jointed appendages
Arthropods are the most successful of all animal phyla based on diversity, distribution, and numbers.
Nearly one million species identified so far, mostly insects.
The exoskeleton, or cuticle, is composed of protein and chitin.
Molting of the cuticle is called ecdysis.
Extensive cephalization.
Open circulatory systems in which a heart pumps hemolymph through short arteries and into open spaces (sinuses).
Aquatic members- gills for gas exchange; terrestrial members- tracheal system of branched tubes leading from surface throughout body.

73. Four evolutionary arthropod lineages
                                   
a.  Trilobites – extinct
b.  Chelicerates – horseshoe crabs, spiders
c.  Uniramians – centipedes, millipedes, insects
d.  Crustaceans – crabs, lobsters, barnacles 
From these lineages arose five major classes of arthropods.
         

83. Insecta (insects)
Outnumber all other forms of animals.
Evolved flight during Carboniferous period.  Flight was followed by an explosion of diversity.
Coevolution of flowering plants and insects.
Wings are extensions of the cuticle.
Waste is removed from hemolymph by excretory organs called malpighian tubes.  
Nervous system has a pair of ventral nerve chords that join in the head to form a cerebral ganglion (brain) that is close to the sensory organs in the head (cephalization).

88. Note: Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development.
Incomplete metamorphosis is a process whereby the young look like the adults, but have different body proportions.
Complete metamorphosis is a process where the larval stages (larva, maggot or grub) are specialized for eating.
The adult stage is specialized for reproduction and dispersal (e.g. flight).
The process of metamorphosis occurs during a pupal stage.

91. Class Crustacea
E.g., crabs, lobsters
        
Almost all are aquatic.
Ca. 40,000 species.
           
Includes krill eaten by whales, and daphnia, copepods, & amphipods in Lake Erie, pill bugs, etc.

95. Deuterostomia: Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms)
Water vascular systems – network of hydraulic canals used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.  It extends into tube feet that are used for locomotion and feeding.
Echinoderms appear to be radial, but are bilateral in larval stages.