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AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROLEPIDOPTERA: Phylogeny, Classification, Diversity, and Morphology (gag me with a spoon)

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Presentation on theme: "AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROLEPIDOPTERA: Phylogeny, Classification, Diversity, and Morphology (gag me with a spoon)"— Presentation transcript:

1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROLEPIDOPTERA: Phylogeny, Classification, Diversity, and Morphology (gag me with a spoon)

2 General Remarks Microlepidoptera – a category of convenience (not all are small). Approximately 30% of the order (described, that is). Majority of the fundamental developments or innovations characteristic of the order take place within Microlepidoptera. Phylogeny is poorly understood (but its getting better).

3 Overview of Presentation
Briefly summarize classification based on phylogeny from Kristensen (1998, 2007), with a few minor modifications. Briefly discuss major lineages and morphological developments that define them (from Zeugloptera to Obtectomera); focus on wings (venation and coupling), female reproductive system, and mouthparts. Major innovations in red!

4 Kristensen 1998 Handbook of Zoology
Two more recent phylogenies based on large molecular data sets. A new classification proposed based on those phylogenies and a few other published and unpublished studies.

5

6 70% of the species diversity 25% of the familial diversity
But first…

7 Ordinal Phylogeny: Holometabola
Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera MECOPTERIDA (“panorpoid” clade) Diptera Mecoptera Antliophora Siphonaptera Hymenoptera Holometabolan Ancestor Megaloptera Neuroptera Raphidioptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera

8 Trichoptera – the caddisflies
Fine hairs (rather than scales) on wings Wings with homoneurous venation Mandibulate mouthparts Simple reproductive track in female Larvae aquatic and usually case-making

9 Lepidoptera – butterflies and moths
Scales on wings Heteroneurous venation Sucking mouthparts Ditrysian reproductive track in female Larvae usually terrestrial with crochets on abdominal prolegs Epiphysis on foreleg of adults ↓

10

11 Micropterigidae (Zeugloptera)
1 family with 121 described species Tiny diurnal moths, 10 mm or less, resembling caddisflies Fuzzy head Metallic colored wings (with scales!) Larvae feed on liverworts, decomposing angiosperms, and fungal hyphae Adults have mandibles (!) and feed on spores and pollen

12 Micropterigidae (Zeugloptera)
1 family with 121 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling

13 Micropterigidae (Zeugloptera)
1 family with 121 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling Monotrysian female reproductive system

14 Micropterigidae (Zeugloptera)
1 family with 121 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling Monotrysian female reproductive system Strongly asymmetrical mandibles, short labial palpi

15 Micropterigidae (Zeugloptera)
1 family with 121 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling Monotrysian female reproductive system Strongly asymmetrical mandibles, short labial palpi Scaled wings!

16

17 Eriocraniidae (Glossata)
1 family with 24 described species Tiny moths, 10 mm or less Fuzzy head Metallic colored wings Larvae are leaf-miners, primarily in Fagaceae

18 Eriocraniidae (Glossata)
1 family with 24 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling

19 Eriocraniidae (Glossata)
1 family with 24 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling Monotrysian female reproductive system

20 Eriocraniidae (Glossata)
1 family with 24 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling Monotrysian female reproductive system Sucking mouthparts – non-functional mandibles, galea forming proboscis!

21

22 Hepialoidea (Exoporia)
5 families with ca. 500 described species Wingspan up to 25 cm Adults crepuscular/nocturnal As many as 30,000 eggs “broadcast” by female in flight

23 Hepialoidea (Exoporia)
5 families with ca. 500 described species Homoneurous venation;; jugate wing coupling

24 Hepialoidea (Exoporia)
5 families with ca. 500 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling Exoporian female reproductive system

25 Hepialoidea (Exoporia)
5 families with ca. 500 described species Homoneurous venation; jugate wing coupling Exoporian female reproductive system Mouthparts reduced – proboscis short or absent

26

27 Incurvarioidea (Heteroneura - Monotrysia)
5 families with ca. 410 described species Heliozelidae, Adelidae (fairy moths), Prodoxidae (yucca moths), Cecidosidae, Incurvariidae Small to tiny moths, forewing length mm

28 Incurvarioidea (Heteroneura - Monotrysia)
5 families with ca. 410 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling!

29 Incurvarioidea (Heteroneura - Monotrysia)
5 families with ca. 410 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling! Monotrysian female reproductive system

30 Incurvarioidea (Heteroneura - Monotrysia)
5 families with ca. 410 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling! Monotrysian female reproductive system Mouthparts reduced – proboscis short or absent (but wild in yucca moths)

31 Incurvariidae – yucca moths
Yuccas and yucca moths – a classic tale of mutualism

32

33 Tineiodea (Heteroneura - Ditrysia)
3 families with ca. 3,700 described species Tineidae (clothes moths), Eriocottidae, Psychidae (bagworms). The most primitive ditrysians

34 Tineiodea (Heteroneura - Ditrysia)
3 families with ca. 3,700 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling

35 Tineiodea (Heteroneura - Ditrysia)
3 families with ca. 3,700 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling Ditrysian female reproductive system!

36 Tineiodea (Heteroneura - Ditrysia)
3 families with ca. 3,700 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling Ditrysian female reproductive system! Mouthparts well developed – proboscis reduced

37

38 Gracillarioidea (Heteroneura - Ditrysia)
3 families with ca. 2,200 described species (mostly Gracillariidae) Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling Ditrysian female reproductive system Mouthparts well developed; labial palpi often with lateral bristles (also present in Tineidae)

39

40 Yponomeutoidea (Heteroneura - Ditrysia)
10 families with ca. 1,735 described species Classification historically unstable: Yponomeutidae, Plutellidae, Ypsolophidae, Acrolepiidae, Glyphipterigidae, Argyresthiidae, Heliodinidae, Lyonetidae, Attevidae, Praydidae, Bedelliidae, Lyonetiidae A heterogenous assemblage of relatively primitive micros. Autapomorphy: pleural lobes just before genitalia – posterior expansion of pleuron VIII

41 Yponomeutoidea (Heteroneura - Ditrysia)
10 families with ca. 1,735 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling Ditrysian female reproductive system Mouthparts well developed; labial palpi variable but always large and conspicuous

42

43 Gelechioidea (Heteroneura - Apoditrysia)
21 families with ca. 18,500 described species Classification historically unstable: Gelechiidae, Elachistidae (Stenomatinae, Ethmiinae, Depressariinae, Agonoxeninae), Xyloryctidae (Scythridinae) Schistomeoidae, Oecophoridae (Stathmopodinae), Amphisbatidae, Lecithoceridae, Batrachedridae, Deocloniidae, Coleophoridae, Blastobasidae, Momphidae, Autostichidae (Symmocidae), Cosmopterigidae, others?

44 Gelechioidea (Heteroneura - Apoditrysia)
21 families with ca. 18,500 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling Ditrysian female reproductive system Mouthparts well developed; labial palpi large, upturned

45

46 Cossoidea (Heteroneura - Apoditrysia)
7 families with ca. 2,870 described species Cossidae, Brachodidae, Dudgeoneidae, Metarbelidae, Retardidae, Castniidae, Sesiidae Wood-boring larvae (mostly)

47 Cossoidea (Heteroneura - Apoditrysia)
7 families with ca. 2,870 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling (retinaculo-frenate in Sesiidae) Ditrysian female reproductive system Mouthparts well developed

48

49 Tortricoidea (Apoditrysia)
1 family with ca. 10,000 described species Two major subfamilies previously considered families: Olethreutinae Tortricinae Many economically important pests – spruce bud worm, codling moth, light brown apple moth, European grape berry moth

50 Tortricoidea (Apoditrysia)
1 family with ca. 10,000 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling Ditrysian female reproductive system Mouthparts well developed

51

52 Zygaenoidea (Apoditrysia)
12 families with ca. 2,700 described species Small to medium sized fuzzy moths (Limacodidae, Megalopygidae, Dalceridae) Bizarre larvae (Limacodidae, Megalopygidae, Dalceridae) Many Zygaenidae are diurnal Epipyropidae are ectoparasites on Homoptera

53 Zygaenoidea (Apoditrysia)
12 families with ca. 2,700 described species Heteroneurous venation Frenate wing coupling Ditrysian female reproductive system Palpi reduced, proboscis present

54

55 Pterophoroidea (Apoditrysia)
1 family with ca. 1,000 described species Characteristically incised wings Long slender legs Distinctive resting posture

56 Pterophoridea (Apoditrysia)
1 family with ca. 1,000 described species Heteroneurous venation; frenate wing coupling Ditrysian female reproductive system Labial palpi variable in shape and vestiture

57 70% of the species diversity 25% of the familial diversity

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