1. Reproduction
CONTENTS
RESOURCES

2. Hands on CONTENTS REPRODUCTION Make a detailed drawing Life cycle
Life cycle of a bird
Reproduction in animals
Fertilisation
External
Internal
Asexual reproduction
Gemmation
Fragmentation
Embryonic development
Viviparous
Oviparous
Ovoviparous
Sexual reproduction
Mixed reproduction
Reproduction
Types
Advantages and disadvantages
Life cycle
Life cycle of a plant
Post-embryonic development
Direct
Indirect
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative
Spore formation
Artificial
Reproduction in plants
Stages
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed germination
Sexual reproduction

3. RESOURCES Types of reproduction Advantages and disadvantages Gemmation
Fragmentation
Sexual reproduction
in animals
Mixed reproduction
External fertilisation
Internal fertilisation
Viviparous development
Oviparous development
Ovoviparous development
The life cycle of a bird
Post-embryonic development: direct
Post-embryonic development: indirect
The life cycle of plants
Vegetative reproduction
Spore formation
Artificial asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
in plants
Pollination
Links
Animal reproduction
Fertilisation
Seed germination
Make a detailed drawing

4. Types of reproduction ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Unicellular oganisms
Only one parent
New genetically identical living beings are produced.
Unicellular oganisms
Fungi
Protozoa
Some plants
Some animals
Algae
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5. Multicellular oganisms
Types of reproduction
Multicellular oganisms
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Two parents: a
male and a female
Descendants have
genetic material from
both parents.

6. Advantages and disadvantages
Asexual reproduction
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Advantages
requires only one parent
faster and easier
rapid population growth
no travel is necessary
Disadvantages
no genetic diversity
difficulty in adapting to environmental changes
clone

7. Advantages and disadvantages
Sexual reproduction
Advantages
genetic diversity in species
ability to adapt to environmental changes
Disadvantages
requires two parents
requires time and energy to find a mate and reproduce
requires travel

8. Gemmation (budding) Asexual reproduction Fresh water hydra bud
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Fresh water hydra
bud
The bud separates from the parent and develops into a new individual.

9. Gemmation (budding) Colony gemmation Coral
Buds remain attached and form a colony.

10. Fragmentation
regenerated arms
Regeneration
Starfish
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11. Fragmentation Asexual reproduction Planaria worm parent new organisms
fragments regenerate
Planaria worm

12. Sexual reproduction in animals
Hhermaphrodites have both male and female gonads.
Snails
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13. Unisexual animals have only one type of gonad.
Sexual reproduction in animals
Unisexual animals have only one type of gonad.
male (♂)
spermatozoa
female(♀)
ovum
gonads
(testicles)
gonads
(ovaries)

14. adult jellyfish or medusa
Mixed reproduction
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
larva
polyps
adult jellyfish or medusa
Cnidaria

15. Life cycle with external fertilisation
male(♂)
female(♀)
Fusion of the gametes occurs outside the female body.
developing embryos
ova
spermatozoa
Life cycle with external fertilisation

16. Life cycle with internal fertilisation
male (♂)
female (♀)
ovum
spermatozoa
zygote
Fusion of the gametes occurs inside the female body.
Life cycle with internal fertilisation

17. Viviparous development
Embryonic development
Viviparous development
placenta
umbilical cord
uterus
embryo
Mammals
The embryo develops inside the female body.

18. Oviparous development
Embryonic development
Oviparous development
Birds
Reptiles
Reptile or bird egg
shell
chalaza
albumin
yolk
germinal disc
shell membrane
Fish
embryo
hatching
The embryo develops inside an egg, mostly outside the female body.

19. Ovoviparous development
Embryonic development
Ovoviparous
development
shark
The embryo develops inside an egg in the female body.
embryo
ray
snake
lizard

20. embryonic development
After fertilisation, the embryo begins to develop inside the egg.
The egg is laid in a nest.
The embryo continues to develop during incubation.
Hatching
The male and female bird mate.
The new being leaves the egg.
Life cycle of a bird

21. Post-embryonic development: direct
Viviparous mammals
Some arthropods
Oviparous birds
Oviparous reptiles

22. continuous transformation (moulting)
Post-embryonic development: indirect
Simple metamorphosis
larva
eggs
adult
continuous transformation (moulting)
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23. Complex metamorphosis
Post-embryonic development: indirect
Complex metamorphosis
pupa
(dormant stage)
larva
eggs
adult

24. FLOWERING PLANTS NON-FLOWERING PLANTS
The life cycle of plants
VISIBLE PART
gametophyte
gametophyte
VISIBLE PART
sporophyte
VISIBLE PART
sporophyte
Angiosperms
Mosses
FLOWERING PLANTS
NON-FLOWERING PLANTS
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Gymnosperms
Ferns

25. The life cycle of plants
The life cycle of mosses
The life cycle of ferns
sporophyte
spores
germination
gametophyte
male gametophyte
female gametophyte
fertilisation ♂ ♀
sporophyte
gametophyte
germination
sporangium
spores
frond
fertilisation ♀ ♂
male gametophyte
female gametophyte
prothallus
capsule

26. Spore formation moss mushroom fern FUNGI ARE NOT PLANTS. spores spores

27. Stolons Bulbs Stem tubers
Vegetative reproduction
white clover
stolon
bud
onion
garlic
Stolons
Bulbs
potato
Stem tubers

28. Artificial methods Artificial asexual reproduction in plants Layering
Cuttings
Grafting

29. FLOWER gametophyte reproductive organs gametes
Sexual reproduction in plants
anther
pollen grains
filament
stamen
sepals (calyx)
stigma
style
ovary
ovules
pistil
petals
(corolla)
FLOWER
gametophyte
reproductive organs
gametes

30. Pollination Self-pollination Cross- pollination pollen
Wind pollination
pollen
Insect pollination

31. Fertilisation in plants
embryo
albumin
seed
Pollen grains land and a pollen tube develops. 1
The ovary becomes the
fruit and the ovule becomes a seed. 3
pollen tube
male
gamete
pollen grains
cotyledons
The seed germinates and an embryo develops. 4
ovule
The ovule (female gamete) is fertilised and a zygote is formed. 2

32. OXYGEN TEMPERATURE MOISTURE
Seed germination
seed
cotyledons
radicle
plumule
bud
OXYGEN
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
water

33. Prepare the slide Project the image.
Make a detailed drawing: The flower
Prepare the slide
petal
stigma
anther
Remove some petals.
Place the flower on a glass.
Tape the flower to the transparency.
Cut the transparency into a square.
Place it on a slide frame.
sepal
ovary
style
Project the image.
Insert the slide into the projector.
Project the image onto the paper.
Move the projector in close so the entire image fits on the paper.
Draw over the projected image.
Complete the drawing
Add the names of each part of the flower.

34. Links Animal reproduction How plants reproduce
How plants reproduce
Plant Reproduction Tutorial
Flowers and reproduction
Growing plants