1. America’s 1 st plan of government 1777-1887

2.  Article I. The Stile (name) of this Confederacy shall be "The United States of America.“  Article II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power … and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.  Article III. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever  Article IV(4). The better to secure and perpetuate [continue] mutual friendship and intercourse [communication] among the people of the different States in this Union … the people of each State shall free ingress [enter] and regress [come back] to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce ….  Article V(5). …. No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor more than seven members …. In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote ….  Article VIII(8). All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred [acquired] for the common defense or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed [provided] out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States …. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid [set] and levied [collected] by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States ….

3.  A. Article IX(9). The United States in Congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war … — of sending and receiving ambassadors (representatives) — entering into treaties and alliances …. B. The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy [metals] and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States — fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States — regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians … C. establishing or regulating post offices from one State to another, throughout all the United States… D. The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority — to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United States and ask states to contribute from their armies.  Article XIII(13). Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration [change] be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State

4. PowerYes/No Legislative (make) national laws Executive (enforce) national laws Judicial (court system to settle national disputes) Tax Regulate commerce between states Declare war Raise a army Make treaties Create money Create a postal system Borrow money Change the Articles of Confederation

5. PowerNational Legislative (make) national lawsyes Executive (enforce) national lawsno Judicial (court system to settle national disputes) no Taxno Regulate commerce between statesno Declare waryes Raise an armyno Make treatiesyes Create moneyyes Create a postal systemyes Borrow moneyyes Change the Articles of ConfederationOnly if confirmed by every state

7.  Sale of land won from Britain in Treaty of Paris of 1781 provided some income for U.S.  Provided a model for orderly settlement of new territory

8.  Outlawed slavery in states of Northwest Territory  Provided free public education in states of Northwest Territory  Set up rules for statehood

9. State of Ohio, 1803 State of Indiana, 1816 State of Illinois, 1818 State of Michigan, 1837 State of Wisconsin, 1848 State of Minnesota, 1858

10. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Too Weak Couldn’t Tax Enforce laws (no executive) Economic Problems Large war debt Couldn’t regulate interstate or foreign trade Inflation Depression Boundary Disputes No national courts Arguments States placed tariffs on each others products and hurt trade Disagreements on laws and amendments Respect from other Nations We couldn’t pay war debt Couldn’t enforce treaties Problems protecting frontier from Indian attacks Problems with foreign trade

12. Shays Rebellion In 1786 a Massachusetts farmer named Daniel Shays led 2000 farmers to attack the Court House over foreclosures due to the Depression

13. It convinced leaders that the weaknesses of the Articles, especially the poor economy that resulted could lead to anarchy (loss of order) and the failure of the new nation

14. Because of their experiences under King George, citizens feared a strong central government and thought states could better protect their rights.

15. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Shays Rebellion A new Constitution for the U.S.