1. “SHRINKING SNOWCAPS AND RISING TIDES – THE RESPONSE OF THE ARABIAN SEA ECOSYSTEM TO CLIMATE CHANGE” Joaquim Goes and Annette Decharon Originally presented 12 April 2014

2. This E2C focuses on the Arabian Sea, west of India and east of the Horm of Africa http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/indian.htm

3. The Indian Ocean Smallest, youngest, and physically most complex of the three major oceans Approximately 1/5 th of total ocean area 10,000 km (6,200 mi) between Africa and Australia Deepest spot is the Sunda Deep in the Java Trench (7,450 m/ 24,442 ft) Marginal seas include the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, gulfs of Aden and Oman, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, and Arabian Sea

4. The Arabian Sea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Arabian_Sea_map.png

5. Monsoons Regional weather dominated by the “monsoons” Seasonal reversals of wind producing “wet” and “dry” seasons Controls economies of Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, and even parts of the USA Long used by mariners to travel across the Indian Ocean Sailors used the winds and currents of the “Northeast” and “Southwest” monsoons in trade routes for centuries.

6. Summer Monsoon – “Wet Season” Generally Apr – Sep Rising warm air over inland mountains bring moist air from SW Indian Ocean Torrential rains, often flooding Vital for agriculture and hydroelectric power http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/monsoon/?ar_a=1

7. Winter Monsoon – “Dry Season” Oct to Apr Winds blow from northeast, originating above Mongolia and northeastern China Himalayas block cool air, keeping coast warm Banyan trees bent by strong monsoon winds http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/monsoon/?ar_a=1

8. World Ocean Currents http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/IntroOc/notes/figures/images/fig2a2.gif

9. http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/~ltalley/sio210/Indian/11circ.gif

10. West and East India Countercurrents http://iri.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/indianoceancurrents.gif

11. The Himalayas

12. The Other Piece of the Situation Youngest, highest mountains on Earth Stretch 2400 km/1500 mi across India, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Butan, and Nepal Three parallel ranges

13. The Himalayas and Monsoons Monsoon patterns are connected with the Himalayas LDEO Tree Ring Lab researchers have conducted extensive investigations in Nepal and adjacent regions https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/tree-ring-laboratory/tree-ring-research/nepal/the- monsoon-over-himalayas

14. Uplift of the Himalayas “Sparked” Monsoons in SE Asia Uplift began about 50 million years ago as “India” collided with “Asia” “Continental- continental plate boundary” Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) investigated the onset of monsoon patterns in the 1990s “From Mountains to Monsoons” CD-ROM was one of the first educational efforts http://odplegacy.org/outreach/cdroms.html

15. Modern Observation Techniques-- TRMM TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) is a NASA-Japan satellite that has been of the utmost value in monitoring precipitation in 30 o N- 30 o S Monsoon rainfall in Queensland, Australia http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/features/AustraliaMonsoon.html

16. NWS Climate Prediction Center http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Global_Monsoons/Global- Monsoon.shtml

17. North American Monsoons Monsoons rains also affect the Southwest http://www.cpc.ncep. noaa.gov/products/Gl obal_Monsoons/Ameri can_Monsoons/ http://www.cpc.ncep. noaa.gov/products/Gl obal_Monsoons/Ameri can_Monsoons/

18. When winds blow in certain directions, they may cause upwellings which move surface off-shore, bringing nutrient-rich water up, or downwellings which move water toward the shore and then downward, reducing bio-productivity. http://www.iupui.edu/~g115/assets/mod10/updownwell_lg.jpg