1. Geography
Graduation Project

2. Raw-Material oriented
Industry
Sugar Milling

3. Introduction Raw-material oriented Industry
- Raw-material oriented industries are those industries that are having their locations stuck close to source of raw materials.
- Sugar milling is one of the examples of raw-material oriented industries.
This slideshow will be talking about the following points:
Features of RM-O industries.
Case study – Sugar Milling

4. Features of RM-O industries
RM-OI usually refers to industries which initially process scattered natural resources
Material Index > 1 (weight-losing)
Affected by
nature of RM
Fragility
Perishability
Value

5. Material Index is calculated by
(Total weight of localized RM used)
(Weight of finished products)

6. Weight-losing industry
Sugar Milling Industry is a weight-losing industry, 7 tonnes of cane are needed for produce 1 tonnes of raw sugar
MI= 7

7. Fragility ↑fragile RM = ↑RM-O ∵too difficult or expensive to transport
↑transport cost
E.g.
Saw mill found near forest

8. Perishability ↑perishable RM= ↑ RM-O
∵can keep the products in fresh state
E.g.
Fruit-canning
Vegetables
Milk

9. Value ↓RM value = ↑RM-O ∵↓value ≠worth to transport the cheap RM E.g.
Aluminium Production

10. Case Study – Sugar Milling
Queensland in Australia (Coastal)
Along the 2100km of tropical and sub-tropical coast, there are 8000 cane farms and 34 sugar mills

11. What are the RMs?.? Cane (甘蔗)
Sugar mills tend to locate near cane growing districts, why?
To be discussed……..^.^

12. Requirements for growing cane
Alluvial flats, particularly those with deep and well drained soils of volcanic origin
Completely frost-free conditions
Mean monthly temperature should not fall below about 18℃
Annual Rainfall >1000mm (optimum > 2000mm)
However, a slightly drier period is required (for the canes to be sweetened), but should still be at least 75mm per month.
Conclusion:
Hot
Wet
Flat land
Deep soils
=River valleys along the coast of Queensland and far Northern NSW

13. Why cane is a decisive factor?
Cane is burnt to remove weeds and leaves (to make cutting easier)
Crops must be removed to the mill without delaying to avoid fermentation(發酵) of the juices in the cane stalk(莖)
Hence, long distance haulage, stopovers(中途停留) while in transit and trans-shipment must be avoided
Perishable
1 month later

14. Transport Cost
Farmers find it unprofitable to be more than 65 km from the mills

15. Bulky and cumbersome(笨重) crop of low specific value (low value per unit weight)
Difficult and costly to transport
E.g. average yield = 84 tonnes per hectare
Only 2.5 tonnes per hectare of wheat and most other cereals.
Therefore, KEEP THE HAUL as SHORT as possible!!!
Mills should locate in the midst of their assigned cane areas
34 mills scattered along the sugar coast are joined to their 8000 cane farm suppliers by some 3200 km of light railways

16. Sugar milling consists of a few relatively simple processes
Sugar milling consists of a few relatively simple processes. First, the weighed cane is crushed between giant rollers to extract the juice from the stalk. Then, the impurities in the juice are removed by a cleaning process.

17. Third, the cleaned juice is concentrated into sugar crystals by a series of boiling
and spinning processes. Finally, the crystals are dried in large revolving drums.

18. That’s all for our presentation
Thank You~~>3<
T.T’’
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