1. Chapter 14
Supernatural Beliefs

2. What We Will Learn What is religion?
What functions does religion perform for the individual and the society as a whole?
What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?
What role does religion play in the process of culture change?

3. Defining Religion
A set of beliefs in supernatural forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve problems.
All forms of religion are founded on a belief in the supernatural.

4. Religion in Societies All societies have:
Religious rituals that appease supernatural forces
Sets of beliefs concerning what we would call the soul
Notions about life after death

5. Religion in Societies
Evangelist Timothy J. Keller thrives in Manhattan by embracing the city and identifying with its culture.

6. Religion
Animism
Belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies.
Polytheism
The belief in the existence of many gods.
Monotheism
The belief in only one god.

7. Religion
Animatism
Belief in a generalized, impersonal power over which people have some measure of control.
Mana
An impersonal supernatural force, inhabiting certain people or things, which is believed to confer power, strength, and success.

8. Question
______ is a set of beliefs in supernatural beings and forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve important problems.
Belief
Religion
Ritual
Superstition

9. Answer: b
Religion is a set of beliefs in supernatural beings and forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve important problems.

10. Supernatural Healing
A traditional healer from Jamaica uses supernatural powers.

11. Magic
Vodoo, a form of imitative magic, is practiced in Togo.

12. Magic
Supernatural beliefs that involve manipulation of supernatural forces to intervene in human activities and natural events.
Imitative magic
Based on the idea that the procedure performed resembles the desired result.
Contagious magic
Based on the premise that things, once in contact with a person continue to influence that person after separation.

13. Sorcery and Witchcraft
Witchcraft is an inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people.
Sorcery is the performance of certain magical rites for the purpose of harming other people.

14. Wicca A modern-day movement of witches and pagans.
Covens are local groups of witches found in major cities in the United States, which are presided over by high priestesses.
Satanists are individuals belonging to a group of people who worship Satan.

15. Wicca
Led by Amy Krinner, a coven of Wiccans practices magic in Bayshore, New York.

16. Question
_______ involves the manipulation of supernatural forces for the purpose of intervening in a wide range of human activities and natural events.
Magic
Witchcraft
Sorcery
Religion

17. Answer: a
Magic involves the manipulation of supernatural forces for the purpose of intervening in a wide range of human activities and natural events.

18. Question
Unlike magic or witchcraft, ________, stories of a culture's gods, their origins, and such, serve to explain the large questions surrounding human existence.
legends
myths
religion
tales

19. Answer: b
Unlike magic or witchcraft, myths, stories of a culture's gods, their origins, and such, serve to explain the large questions surrounding human existence.

20. Myths Sacred literature that states certain religious truths.
Include stories of the gods, their origins, their activities, and the moral injunctions they teach.
A culture’s mythology is closely connected to its moral and social order.

21. Social Functions of Religion
Social control
Conflict resolution
Intensifying group solidarity

22. Psychological Functions of Religion
Cognitive
Provides an intellectual framework for explaining parts of our world that we do not understand.
Emotional
Helps reduce anxiety by prescribing straightforward ways of coping with stress.

23. Question
By helping individuals cope with the anxieties often accompanying deaths, accidents, illnesses and other misfortunes, religion serves a/an:
group identity function.
cognitive function.
positive function.
emotional function.

24. Answer: d
By helping individuals cope with the anxieties often accompanying deaths, accidents, illnesses and other misfortunes, religion serves a/an emotional function.

25. Classifying Religions: Anthony Wallace
Wallace identified four principal patterns of religious organization based on what he calls cults.
Wallace uses the term cult to refer to forms of religion that have their own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals.
This use of the term should not be confused with the definition used to refer to an antisocial religious group that brainwashes its members before leading them to mass suicide.

26. Classifying Religions: Anthony Wallace
Four forms of religious organization:
Individualistic cults
Shamanistic cults
Communal cults
Ecclesiastical cults

27. Individualistic Cults
The least complex form of religious organization in which each person is his or her own religious specialist.
Vision quest
A ritual found among a number of Plains Indian cultures wherein through visions people establish special relationships with spirits who provide them with knowledge, power, and protection.

28. Shamanistic Cults
Forms of religion in which part-time religious specialists called shamans intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients.
Shaman
A part-time religious specialist who is thought to have supernatural powers by virtue of birth, training, or inspiration.

29. Shamans
Piaroa Indian shaman Miguel Ochoa is pictured here with medicinal plants gathered from the jungle village of Aska aja, near Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela.

30. Communal Cults
Societies in which groups of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well-being of the total community.
Rites of passage
Any ceremony celebrating the transition of a person from one social status to another.
Rites of solidarity
Any ceremony performed for the sake of enhancing of social integration.

31. Ecclesiastical Cults
Highly complex religious systems employing full-time priests.
Ecclesiastical cults are characterized by full-time professional clergy, who are formally elected or appointed and devote all or most of their time to performing priestly functions.
Unlike shamans who conduct rituals during times of crisis or when their services are needed, these full-time priests conduct rituals that occur at regular intervals.

32. Question
The most complex form of religion is the ________, which is commonly found in societies with state systems of government.
individual cult
communal cult
ecclesiastical cult
shamanistic cult

33. Answer: c
The most complex form of religion is the ecclesiastical cult, which is commonly found in societies with state systems of government.

34. Major Religions of the World

35. Rabbi Naamah Kelman
Rabbi Naamah Kelman, the first female rabbi to be ordained in Israel, is a full time religious specialist who works within a hierarchical organization.

36. Number of Adherents of Major World Religions
Millions
Christian
2106
Roman Catholic
1105
Protestant
369
Orthodox
218
Anglican 79
Independent
416

37. Number of Adherents of Major World Religions
Millions
Bahai
7.5
Buddhist
375
Hindu
851
Jewish 15
Muslim
1283
New Religionists
107

38. Characteristics of Different Religious Organizations
Role Specialization
Subsistence
Example
Individualistic
None
Food collector
Crow vision quest
Shamanistic
Part-time
Food collector Pastoralism
Tungus shamanism

39. Characteristics of Different Religious Organizations
Role Specialization
Subsistence
Example
Communal
Perform rites for community
Horticulture
Totemistic rituals
Ecclesiastical
Full-time
Horticulture/ Pastoralism
Christianity and Buddhism

40. Religion in the U.S.
Summary of the findings of two recent surveys on religion in America:
Roman Catholicism is the largest single religious group, comprising 24% of the adult population.
Anglicans, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant churches, comprising some 220 denominations, represent 36% of the adult population.

41. Religion in the U.S.
Summary of the findings of two recent surveys on religion in America:
Approximately 1.5% of the population is Jewish.
The Islamic religion is the fastest-growing organized religion in the United States.
The percentage of adults identifying with a religious group dropped from 90% in 1990 to 81% in 2001.
The fastest-growing group in the U.S. Is those who do not identify with any specific religion; this group went from 14.3 million in 1990 to 29.4 million in 2001.

42. Globalization of Religion
Cardinal Bernardin Gantin represents a part of the world that is growing rapidly in the number of people practicing Catholicism.

43. Liberation Theology
A form of Catholicism found throughout South and Central America in which priests and nuns became actively involved in programs for social justice for the poor.

44. Religious Forces of Social Change
Nativistic movements, found among American Indians.
Cargo cults, found in Melanesia.
Separatist Christian churches are small-scale churches that break away from the dominant church to gain greater political, economic, social, and religious autonomy.

45. Religious Forces of Social Change
Mahdist movements is a term to describe revitalization movements in the Muslim world.
Millenarian movements found in Christian areas of the world.

46. Revitalization Movements
Aim to add new life and purpose into the society.
Tend to occur during times of cultural stress brought about by:
rapid change
foreign domination
perceived deprivation

47. Religious Nationalism
A phenomenon that is occurring in many parts of the world today in which traditional religious principles are merged with the workings of government.

48. Religion and Nationalism
On July 4, 2006, this Statue of Liberation Through Christ was consecrated at a fundamentalist church in Memphis, Tennessee, as a way of demonstrating their belief that Christianity is the foundation of American society.