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Oklahoma City Community College
Class Aves BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson
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Fig. 27.2
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Class Aves Feathers No teeth Flexible long neck Scales on legs
One occipital condyle Scales on legs Bones with air spaces Endothermic Four chambered heart
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Adaptations for Flight
Honey combed bones Air cavities Less weight
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Light Weight Skeleton Frigate bird 7 foot wing span 4 ounce skeleton
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Adaptations for Flight
Enlarged sternum Flight muscle attachment Long neck balance
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11-25 Cervical Vertebrae
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Fig. 27.7a
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Pygostyle
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Skull Most bones fused Much lighter than reptile or mammal skull
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Fig
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Adaptations for Flight
Wing lift
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Adaptations for Flight
Feathers Light weight Strong
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Adaptations for Flight
Reduce body weight No teeth No urinary bladder No penis Only one ovary
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Fig
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Migration Sissor-tailed flycatchar
Migates to Central and South America in October Returns in April
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Migration Arctic tern Migrates 25,000 miles!
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Beak Adaptations Ripping flesh
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Beak Adaptations Eating seeds
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Beak Adaptations Sucking nectar from flowers
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Beak Adaptations Drilling wood
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Beak Adaptations Catching fish
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Beak Adaptations Basket-like bill to hold fish caught under water
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Beak Adaptations Filtering
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Digestive System Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Cloaca Storage Enzymes
Grind food Cloaca Waste Reproduction
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Vision Up to 8 times keener than human vision
Each eye moves indendtantly
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Respiratory System Nine air sacs Fresh air always moving
Connect to lungs and centers of bones Cools the bird Fresh air always moving No dead ends as in mammals Each wing beat moves air Never run out of air
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Benefits of Birds to Man
Eat insects, rodents and weeds Spread seeds for flowers and trees Food Sport Pets
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Fastest Animal Peregrine falcon Strikes prey at 180 mph
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Elephant Bird Eleven feet tall 1100 pounds Largest egg ever
Extinct in late 1600’s
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Giant Moa New Zealand Hunted to extinction about 1600
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Hummingbirds Fly up, down, left, right, backwards and upside down
Wings beat times per second Heart rate =600 bpm Eat 2/3 body weight each day Nectar, pollen & insects
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Chicks Altricial Precocial No feathers Cannot walk or see
Cannot feed themselves Precocial Down feathers Can walk and see Can feed themselves
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Caudipteryx Feathered dinosaur Flightless Transitional fossil
Dinosaur arms Dinosaur teeth Only front of upper jaw Bird feathers
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Archaeopteryx 147 MYA Transitional fossil Characteristics of reptiles
Characteristics of birds
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Fig. 27.7b
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Archeopteryx Reptile characteristics Bird characteristics Teeth
Boney tail Fingers with claws Bird characteristics Feathers Furcula
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Click Image for Movie
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Evolution of Flight Running Hypothesis
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Microraptor gui
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Evolution of Flight Gliding Hypothesis
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Sexual Selection
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Bird Classification 28 orders 9600 species
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Order Struthioniformes
Large flightless bird Two toes
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Order Pelecaniformes Gular sac
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Order Ciconiiformes Long legs for wading Long necks
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Order Anseriformes Flat bill Webbed feet
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Order Falconiformes Hooked bill Talons Eagle Hawk Falcon
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Order Passeriformes Perching foot Songbirds 5000 species Mocking bird
Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays
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Order Columbiformes Short neck Short legs Pigeons Doves
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Order Strigiformes Large eyes Silent flight Nocturnal predator Owls
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Order Apodiformes Small bird Rapid wingbeat Hummingbirds
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Order Galliformes Chicken like Strong beaks Heavy feet Chicken Turkey
Pheasants Quail
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Order Charadriiformes
Short bill Strong fliers Shorebirds Gulls
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Order Psittaciformes Thick tongue Hinged and movable upper beak
Bright colors Parrots Parakeets
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Order Piciformes Two toes forward and two toes backward woodpeckers
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Order Sphenisciformes
Webbed feet Wings as used for swimming penquins
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Bird Information
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The End Fig. 27.co
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The End
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