1. The Precambrian Earth to the present.
4.5 Billions years in 2 weeks!
PowerPoint Notes created by S. Koziol
Date : 12/30/2013 Revised : ?/?/??

2. Objectives Slides 2-21
Describe the formations of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Identify the origins of oxygen in the atmosphere. Explain the evidence that oxygen existed in the atmosphere during the Proterozoic. Describe the experimental evidence of how life developed on Earth. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Identify when the first multicellular animals appeared in geological time.
Describe the evidence used to determine the age of the Earth Understand why scientist theorize that the early Earth was hot. Explain the origins of Earth Crust. Describe the formation of the Archean and Proterozoic continents.

3. Earth & our Solar System
Most astronomers agree that the solar system, including Earth, formed all at once, and therefore Earth and meteorites should be about the same age.

4. Earth’s Crust
Earth’s earliest crust likely formed as a result of the cooling of the uppermost mantle.

5. Oldest Mineral
The oldest known mineral on Earth is zircon.

6. Laurentia (North American Craton)
Ancient continent that contained core of modern-day North America

7. Precambrian shield
Continental core of Archean and Proterozoic rock. aka Canadian shield - The Precambrian shield in N.A.

8. Craton
is an old and stable core of the continental crust - the buried and exposed parts of a continental shield together compose it.

9. Precambrian shield vs. Canadian shield
A Precambrian shield is a continental core of Archean and Proterozoic rock
The Canadian Shield is the Precambrian shield of North America.

10. Orogens
Orogens are seams where microcontinents were joined together. These seams are belts of deformed rocks that form mountain ranges.

11. Ozone & O2
The ozone layer that filters ultraviolet radiation originated from oxygen produced by stromatolites.

12. Outgassing
The process by which volcanoes vent water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and other substances is called outgassing.

13. Photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria use the process of photosynthesis to produce energy, and oxygen is given off as a waste product.

14. Banded iron formation
These are deposits consisting of alternating bands of chert and iron oxide.

15. Red beds
Sedimentary rocks younger than 1.8 billion years that are colored by the iron oxides in them.

16. Start of life
Amino acids have been found in the waters of hydrothermal vents, suggesting that proteins and nucleic acids could have formed there during the Archean.

17. Miller and Urey
Miller and Urey demonstrated that the basic building blocks of life were most likely present on Earth during the Archean.

18. Miller and Urey (continued)
Heat, cyanide, and certain clay minerals can cause amino acids to join together in chains.

19. Prokaryote.
An organism composed of a single cell that does not contain a nucleus and is the simplest kind of cell is a prokaryote. Prokaryotes belong to the Kingdom Monera.

20. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
A prokaryote is a simple organism composed of a single cell, which does not contain a nucleus.
A eukaryote is an organism that is composed of multiple cells, which contain nuclei and are more complex and larger than those of prokaryotes.

21. Extinctions
A major extinction of acritarchs occurred near the end of the Proterozoic, in which widespread glaciations may have played a critical role.

22. Objectives Slides 23-38
Describe the paleogeography of Laurentia. Discuss the concept of a passive margin. Describe the Cambrian fauna. Describe the Middle Paleozoic paleogeography. Explain the concept of an active margin and the formation of a clastic wedge.
Describe the Middle Paleozoic fauna. Define the concept of mass extinction. Describe the formation of Pangaea. Explain how cyclotherms formed. Identify the importance of amniote eggs. Discuss the causes of the Late Permian mass extinction.

23. Ancient geographic setting of an area.
Paleogeography
Ancient geographic setting of an area.

24. Laurentia
During the Cambrian, Laurentia was covered by a sea.

25. Laurentia - Precambrian
On Laurentia, large, sandy beaches formed when sand-sized fragments of quartz were weathered from the rocks of the Precambrian Shield and transported to the shoreline.

26. Passive Margin
When there is no tectonic activity along the edge of a continent, the edge is referred to as a passive margin.

27. Cambrian explosion
During the Cambrian explosion, all but one of the major marine phyla appeared.

28. Cambrian explosion (continued)
The Cambrian explosion was marked by great diversity of life, including the development of animals with skeletons.

29. Burgess Shale
Burgess Shale - Contains fossils of soft-bodied Cambrian organisms

30. Evidence of past lagoons
Fragile organisms can live in a lagoon, which is the calm area behind a reef.

31. Reefs
An organic reef is a structure composed of carbonate skeletons made by living organisms, such as coral.

32. Taconic Orogeny
Taconic Orogeny - Mountain-building event named for the mountains of eastern New York State

33. Clastic Wedge Origins
A triangular-shaped deposit composed of sediment eroded from adjacent mountains is called a clastic wedge.

34. The following provides evidence of the Taconic Orogeny:
angular unconformities
clastic wedges
igneous intrusions

35. Vascular Plants
The ability to transfer water through stems and stalks characterizes vascular plants.

36. Ancestral Rockies
Mountain range in present-day Colorado formed by inland uplift.

37. Mountain Building
The Late Paleozoic was a time of active mountain building.

38. Cyclothems
The series of transgressions and regressions that produce cyclothems were likely produced by glaciations.

39. Objectives Slides 40-59
Explain the breakup of Pangaea. Distinguish between the different characteristics of Mesozoic Orogenies. Describe how paleontologists distinguish among reptile, dinosaur and mammal fossils. Describe the type of tectonism that characterized the Cenozoic orogeny.
Understand the extent of glaciation that occurred in N.A.. Discuss the changes in animals in N.A. during the Cenozoic. Identify the characteristics of primates. Explain what separates hominids from the other hominoids.

40. 200 MYA
As North America rifted from Europe and Africa, a continuous rift system called the Mid-Atlantic ridge was formed.

41. New Oceans
As Pangaea split apart, the rifts flooded to form new oceans.

42. Pangaea break-up
Pangaea probably broke apart because it held heat beneath it, which caused the continent to expand and then fracture and break apart.

43. Mesozoic orogenies
As a result of the earliest of the Mesozoic orogenies in North America, large bodies of granite called batholiths exist throughout the Cordillera.

44. Mesozoic orogenies (continued)
Orogenic events at the end of the Mesozoic uplifted massive blocks of crust to form the Rocky Mountains.

45. First Angiosperms Angiosperms - Seed-bearing plants that have flowers
Archaefructaceae

46. Phytoplankton
Tiny, ocean-dwelling organisms called phytoplankton made up the base of the food chain during the Mesozoic.

47. Vertebrates and Invertebrates from among the modern fauna.
Vertebrates: bony fishes, sharks, aquatic reptiles, and aquatic mammals
Invertebrates: crabs, lobsters, shrimps, sponges, sea urchins, modern corals, snails, and clams.

48. Mesozoic ammonites
Fossils of ammonites are often used as index fossils because these marine animals were widespread and abundant during the Mesozoic.

49. Early Mammals
Early mammals with a single jawbone arose from mammal-like reptiles.

50. Sauropod
The largest land animals that ever lived were the quadrupedal, plant-eating sauropods.

51. S.W. U.S. tectonism
The subduction of the East Pacific Rise coincides with pull-apart tectonism in the southwestern United States.

52. Pliocene ice age
As the Pliocene ice age began, great savannas became arid land and many savanna mammals became extinct.

53. Pliocene ice age (continued)
The change of climate caused many of the savanna mammals to become extinct. New animals came to populate the land, including sabre-toothed cats, mammoths, giant vultures, giant ground sloths, and huge wolves.

54. Pliocene ice age (continued)
During the Pliocene, the water of the Arctic Ocean began to freeze to form an arctic ice cap. Glaciers from the arctic advanced and retreated in at least four stages over North America. Glaciers extended as far south as the present-day Ohio and Missouri Rivers.

55. Pliocene ice age (continued)
The southernmost point to which glaciers advanced in North America is marked by the paths of the Ohio River and the Missouri River.

56. Eocene Mammals
Most of the currently living groups of mammals had appeared by the Eocene.

57. Primate Traits
Primates - Mammal possessing specialized traits related to arboreal lifestyle

58. Primate Traits (continued)
Two important anatomical traits of all primates are an opposable thumb and forward-facing eyes.

59. Homo sapiens - Modern human species
Us (you & I)
Homo sapiens - Modern human species