1. Regions of the Human Skeleton
Axial skeleton:
skull (cranium and facial bones)
hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles
associated with swallowing)
vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)
bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeleton:
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)
Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.

2. 206 Bones in a Human Adult Skeleton
22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle

3. The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
Slide 5.20a

4. The Axial Skeleton

5. Bones of the Skull- Frontal View (10.4)
Cranium:
8 sutured bones
Encases brain
Muscle attachment
Sinuses
Facial bones:
13 sutured bones
1 mandible

6. Bones of the Skull- Lateral View (10.1)

7. Inferior Superficial View (10.2)
Human Skull:
Inferior Superficial View (10.2)

8. Superior View of the Floor of Cranial Cavity (10.3)
Human Skull:
Superior View of the Floor of Cranial Cavity (10.3)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. The Fetal Skull: Superior View (10.9)
Skull bones are still incomplete
Fontanels (“little fountain”):
Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes
Pulse can be felt surging in these “soft spots”
Allow infants head to be compressed slightly during birth
Accommodate brain growth in fetus & infant
Anterior fontanel remains soft until 1.5-2yrs of age
Others are replaced by bone by the end of the first year

10. Fetal Skull: Lateral View (10.9)

11. Paranasal Sinuses (10.6)
Mucus lined, hollow, air-filled portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Mucoase of sinus help to warm and humidify inspired air

12. The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Anchored by narrow stylohyoid ligaments to syloid process of temporal bone.
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12

13. The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
Spine has a normal curvature
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology
Each vertebrae named according to location:
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused)
1 coccyx (4 fused)

15. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae

16. Thoracic Cage Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, costal cartilages
True ribs -directly attached to sternum (1st seven pairs
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs

17. Shoulder Girdle & Upper Limb

18. Pelvic Girdle

19. Male v. Female Pelvis

20. Human Leg Bones