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Skeletal system includes both:
Axial skeleton Skull Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone Vertebral column Thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton Pectoral and pelvic girdles Upper and lower limbs
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Figure 7.1b The Axial Skeleton
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The skull Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face
The cranium encloses cranial cavity Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts Superficial landmarks include the sutures Lambdoid Coronal Sagittal Squamous
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Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3a, b
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3c
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3d
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3e
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Focus: The Individual Bones of the Skull Cranial Bones
one occipital bone foramen magnum two parietal bones one frontal bone frontal sinuses two temporal bones auditory ossicles one sphenoid one ethmoid
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Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
Figure 7.4a
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Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
Figure 7.4b
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Figure 7.5 The Occipital and Parietal Bones
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Figure 7.6 The Frontal Bone
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Figure 7.7 The Temporal Bones
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Figure 7.8 The Sphenoid Figure 7.8
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Figure 7.9 The Ethmoid Figure 7.9
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Facial bones Maxillary bones Mandible Palatine bones Nasal bones Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Hyoid
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Maxillae Largest facial bones
Form the upper jaw and most of the hard palate
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Figure 7.10 The Maxillary and Palatine Bones
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Palatine and Nasal Bones
Palatine bones Small “L” shaped bones Form the posterior hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity Nasal bones Superior border of external nares
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Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones
Inferior portion of the nasal septum Zygomatic bone Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone Lacrimal bones Smallest bones of the face Sit medially in orbit
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Figure 7.11 The Smaller Bones of the Face
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Mandible and Hyoid bones
Bone of the lower jaw Hyoid Suspended by stylohyoid ligaments Supports the larynx
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Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones
Figure 7.12a
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Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones
Figure 7.12b, c
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The orbital and nasal complexes
Seven bones in the orbital complex Nasal complex = bones that enclose the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
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Figure 7.14 The Orbital Complex
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Skulls of infants and children
Fontanels permit skulls of infants and children to continue growing
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Vertebral column Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx 7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae
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Figure 7.16 The Vertebral Column
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Spinal curvature Four spinal curves
Primary (accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervical
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Vertebral anatomy Typically has a body and vertebral arch
Superior and inferior articular processes Separated by intervertebral discs
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Figure 7.18 Vertebral Anatomy
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Vertebral regions Cervical Has distinctive shape
Large relative size of vertebral foramen Costal processes with transverse foramina Notched spinous processes
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Figure 7.19 The Cervical Vertebrae
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Thoracic vertebrae Heart-shaped body Long slender spinous processes
Articulations for ribs
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Figure 7.20 The Thoracic Vertebrae
Figure 7.20a
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Figure 7.20 The Thoracic Vertebrae
PLAY Animation: Axial Dissections Figure 7.20b, c
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Lumbar vertebrae Most massive Least mobile Subjected to great stresses
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Figure 7.21 The Lumbar Vertebrae
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Sacrum Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs
Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements of coccyx
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Figure 7.22 The Sacrum and Coccyx
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Thoracic cage Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum
Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23a
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23b
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The ribs Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae
8-12 are vertebrochondral ribs 11-12 are floating ribs
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Typical rib Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body
Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the heart
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The Sternum consists of
Manubrium Body Xiphoid process
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
PLAY Animation: Axial Dissections Figure 7.23
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