1. The Orbit: Bone structures Bones: Those Latin names Protecting the eye while serving its needs. VS112 Sept 5, 2007 Lect 2-3

2. Reasonable Goals Overall function is simple, but the details.. –Name the bones, –Know the construction of the orbit walls, –Know the strong and weak points, –What is in the orbit, what holds it there? –What comes into, goes out of the orbit? –What are holes (fissures, foramina) used for?

3. Skull has 22+ bones Cranium –Parietal (2) –Occipital –Temporal (2) –Sphenoid –Ethmoid Face –Maxillary (2) –Nasal (2) –Inferior chonchae (2) –Lacrimal (2) –Palatine (2) –Zygomatic (2) –Mandible –Vomer Frontal bone is part of both cranium & face

4. 11 bones make up the orbits Single Bones –Frontal Bone –Ethmoid Bone –Sphenoid Bone Paired Bones –Maxillary –Zygomatic –Lacrimal –Palatine

5. Bones of the skull

6. Lateral View of Skull Frontal Zygomatic Note temoral aspect of Sphenoid Maxillary Lacrimal Ethmoid

7. Sinuses exist in 4 Orbital Bones Air filled Mucosa lined Lighten bone Acustic Possible infection site

8. The basic shape of the orbit is a pyramid: The medial walls are parallel The depth is 1.5 x base

9. The margin of the orbit { VERY STRONG} –4 cm wide –3.5 cm high –3 BONES Frontal Zygomatic Maxillary 4.5 cm deep

10. Terminology Fossa: shallow depression in bone Foramen (pl. foramina): hole(s) in bone Fissure: hole between adjacent bones Tubercle: bump attachment site Groove, canal, notch (as they sound)

11. A key figure of Chap 3 Let me help you get a 3D understanding of the structures summarized by this figure

15. Reasonable Goals Overall function is simple, but the details.. –Name the bones, –Know the construction of the orbit walls, –Know the strong and weak points, –What is in the orbit, what holds it there? –What comes into, goes out of the orbit? –What are holes (fissures, foramina) used for?

16. The orbital ceiling Frontal Bits of- Sphenoid Lacrimal Fossa Trochlear Fossa Supraorbital Notch

17. The Lateral Wall Not shown are: Zygomatic foramen Whitnalls Tubercle Zygomatic Frontal Sphenoid

18. Bones of the skull Now look at the Sphenoid

19. The Sphenoid Bone Butterfly (Owl like) –Greater Wing –Lesser Wing –Pterygoid process Many Foramina –Optic Foramen –Sup. Optic Fissure

20. Lateral View of Skull Frontal Zygomatic Note temoral aspect of Sphenoid Maxillary Lacrimal Ethmoid

21. The Sphenoid Bone & Occipital (at back) Ethmoid (yellow) Palatine (small red) Maxillary (straight on view of structure shown on hand out - page 42) Now go back to lateral wall slide

22. The Lateral Wall Not shown are: Zygomatic foramen Whitenalls Tubercle Zygomatic Frontal Sphenoid

23. The Medial Wall Frontal (?) Ethmoid Lacrimal Sphenoid Maxillary

24. The Orbit Floor Maxillary Sphenoid Zygomatic Palatine

25. Main components of fissures

26. Let me help you get a 3D understanding of the structures summarized by this figure Fig 3.2

27. Weakest bones are in the floor and medial wall of the orbit. Transmitted pressure through the tissues(?) or the sturdier bones causes blowout fractures. Lamina papyracia

28. Blowout fracture of the floor of maxillary bone.

29. Blowout fracture of the floor of maxillary bone. CT image

30. Blowout fracture of the ethmoid bone. CT image. esf ethmoid sinus fracture mwf medial wall fracture

31. Connective tissues in the orbit All of the structures within the orbit have a connective tissue sheath –Around the Globe & muscles it’s call Tenon’s capsule If the globe is the palm and EOM fingers, then Tenon’s capsule is the glove. –Lining the bones, it’s the periosteum periorbita- a special name for orbit bone lining –nerves, blood vessels have them too And they are interconnected making for a web of sheaths.

32. Two Views Tenon’s capsule Periorbita

34. A better view

35. Terminology Fossa: shallow depression in bone Foramen (pl. foramina): hole(s) in bone Fissure: hole between adjacent bones Tubercle: bump attachment site Groove, canal, notch (as they sound)

36. Soft tissue covering Surrounding the sclera is the episclera –Connective tissue and blood vessels. Surrounding the episclera is Tenon’s capsule –Another layer of connective tissue protecting the globe and making it slippery for movement within the orbit.

37. Soft tissue covering Check ligaments –medial and lateral are most prominent but the inferior rectus and levator have them too. Superior transverse ligament –Supports levator muscle (Whitnall’s Ligament) Suspensory ligament (of Lockwood) –Connective tissue underneath the globe

38. Orbital infection Orbital cellulitis: infection of the tissues and fat pads behind/surrounding the eye, but not the eye itself –60% of orbital cellulitus is a secondary infection due to a sinus infection

39. Bone development Dermal Bones, most of orbit –Foci of osteoblasts differentiated from with the mesoderm Cartilage pre-formed bones: ethmoid and part of sphenoid. (Endochondral bone) –Chondrocytes form cartilagenous template of the final bone –Osteoblasts invade and differentiate into osteocytes Bone can restructure/repair itself –Osteoclast cell can breakdown boney matrix Permits growth of the skull and orbits