1. Skeletal System:Axial Skeleton
Lecture 6
Skeletal System:Axial Skeleton

2. The Complete Skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic (rib) cage
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs
Girdles
Fig. 7.1

3. Superior and Posterior Views of Skull or Cranium
Fig. 7.5
External occipital protuberance
Ligamentum nuchae: Helps keep head erect
Nuchal lines: Neck muscle attachment

4. Lateral View of Skull Temporal lines (temporalis muscle) Mandible
Fig. 7.6
Temporal lines (temporalis muscle)
Mandible
Condyle
Coronoid process for temporalis muscle

5. Frontal View of Skull Optic foramen (optic nerve)
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Vomer
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mandible
Fig. 7.4
Optic foramen (optic nerve)
Lacrimal groove (tears from eye to nasal capsule)

6. Inferior View of Skull Foramen magnum Occipital condyles
Maxilla
Hard palate
Palatine bone
Temporal process of zygomatic bone
Zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Vomer
Sphenoid bone
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Temporal bone
Jugular foramen
Mastoid process
Carotid canal
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Occipital bone
External occipital crest
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
Fig. 7.8
Fig. 7.8
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Jugular foramen, carotid canal
Hard palate - maxilla and palatine

7. Hyoid Bone and Auditory Ossicles
Unpaired
No direct bony attachment to skull
Attachment point for some tongue muscles
Attachment point for neck muscles that elevate larynx during speech and swallowing
Auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus and stapes
Fig. 7.26

8. Vertebra Parts Body Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch
Superior and inferior articular processes
Transverse process
Articular facets for rib
Spinous process
Fig. 7.29

9. Vertebral Column Regions Cervical (7 vertebrae)
Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
Sacral bone (1)
Coccygeal bone (1)
Fig. 7.28

10. Cervical Vertebrae Atlas Axis First vertebra ‘yes’ motion
Second vertebra
Dens or odontoid process
‘no’ motion
Fig. 7.30

11. Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
Table 7.5
Table 7.5

12. Sacrum and Coccyx
Fig. 7.31

13. Review Question
The spinal cord passes along the vertebral column through the _______ and enters the skull through the __________.
Spinous process, mandibular fossa
Body, occipital condyles
Superior and inferior articular processes, jugular foramen
Vertebral arch, carotid canal
None of the above is correct

14. Thoracic Cage and Sternum
Parts
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs (12 pair)
True
False
Sternum (manubrium, body)
Fig. 7.32

15. Points to Remember Two major components of the human skeleton:
Axial skeleton arranged along the medial axis
Appendicular skeleton connects to the axial skeleton
Skull consists of:
22 bones (single and paired)
6 auditory ossicles (3 each side) and 1 hyoid
Vertebral column consists of:
Cervicals (7)
Thoracics (12)
Lumbars (5)
Sacrum (5, fused)
Coccyx (3-5, fused)
Rib cage has true (bone) ribs and false (cartilage) ribs

16. Questions?