1. How to identify the direction of the free limb bones?

2. Compare the numbers and structures of upper limb bones to lower limb bones.

3. Section 5 Bones of Skull
Cranium composed of 22 bones, divided into the calvaria (larger, upper and posterior part, contains and protects the brain),and facial skeleton(viscerocranium)(smaller, lower, and anterior part, surrounded the eye, nose and mouth).

4. Clavaria (8) frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, occipital bone
―Unpaired bones:
frontal bone,
ethmoid bone,
sphenoid bone,
occipital bone
―Paired bones:
temporal bone
parietal bone

5. Clavaria Frontal bone 1 Parietal bone 2 Temporal bone 2 Ethmoid bone 1
Sphenoid bone 1
Occipital bone 1

6. Facial skeleton (14) Unpaired bones: mandible, vomer Paired bones:
maxilla,
nasal bone,
lacrimal bone,
palatine bone,
zygomatic bone,
inferior nasal concha

7. parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Mandible

8. Temporal bones Squama part Zygomatic prosess part
External acoustic opening
Mastoid part
Tympanic part
Mastoid process
Petrous part
Internal acoustic pore
Styloid process

9. Parietal bones Frontal bone Occipital bone
External occipital protuberance

10. Sphenoid bone
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Pterygoid process
Body

11. Ethmoid bone(on page 969) Crista galli Cribriform plate Nasal conchae
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid labyrinths

12. Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Inferior nasal concha

13. Pyramidal prosess
Horrizontal plate

14. Mandible Body of mandible Superior border: alveolar arch
Inferior border :
Outer surface: mental foramen
Inner surface: mental spine

15. Rami of mandible: has two vertical processes separated by mandibular notch
Coronoid process
Condylar process
head of mandible
neck of mandible
mandibular foramen
mandibular canal
angle of mandible

16. Mandible Head of mandible Coronoid process Neck of mandible
Mandibular foramen
Mandibular notch
Rami of mandible
Mental foramen
Angle of mandible

17. Neck bone
Hyoid bone
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body

18. Views of Adult Skull external occipital protuberance
Superior aspect of calvaria
Bones: frontal, paired parietal, occipital
Sutures: Coronal suture, Sagittal suture, Lambdoid suture
Internal aspect of calvaria
sulcus for superior sagittal sinus
granular foveola
arterial grooves
Skull viewed from behind
external occipital protuberance
superior nuchal line

19. Internal aspect of cranial base
forms three fossae
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

20. Anterior cranial fossa
Formed by orbital part of frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid, and lesser wings of sphenoid
Structures:
crista galli
cribriform plate
cribriform foramina

21. Middle cranial fossa
Formed by the body and greater wings of sphenoid, petrous part of temporal
Structures:
hypophysial fossa
optic canal
sella turcica
carotid sulcus
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum

22. Meddle cranial fossa foramen ovale foramen spinosum
sulcus for middle meningeal artery
foramen lacerum
intracranial opening of carotid canal
trigeminal impression

23. Posterior cranial fossa
Formed by occipital and the petrous part of temporal
Structures:
foramen magnum
clivus
hypoglossal canal
internal occipital protuberance
groove for transverse sinus
groove for sigmoid sinus
jugular foramen
internal acoustic opening

24. Superior orbital fissure
Cribriform plate
Optic canal
Hypophysial fossa
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Internal acoustic opening
Groove for sigmoid sinus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen magnum
Groove for transverse sinus
Internal occipital protuberance

25. Inferior view cranial base
alveolar arch
bony palate
incisive foramina
greater palatine foramen
posterior nasal apertures
foramen lacerum
jugular foramen
occipital condyle
external opening of hypoglossal canal
external opening of carotid canal
styloid process
stylomastoid foramen
mandibular fossa
articular tubercle

26. Incisive foramen
Foramen lacerum
Palatine bone
Posterior nasal apertures
Articular tubercle
Foramen ovale
Mandibular fossa
Foramen spinosum
Styloid process
External opening of carotid canal
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle

27. Lateral view of the skull
external acoustic opening
mastoid process
zygomatic arch
temporal fossa
pterion

28. Pterion
External acoustic pore
Zygomatic arch
Mastoid process
Mental foramen
Condylar process
Coronoid process

29. Anterior view Frontal region: superciliary arch glabella bony orbit
bony nasal cavity

30. Bony orbit pyramid-shaped paired cavities
Base: supra-orbital foramen (notch), infra-orbital foramen
Apex: optic canal
Walls
Superior(roof):
lacrimal fossa for lacrimal gland
Medial:
lacrimal groove for lacrimal sac
superior orbital fissure
Inferior(floor):
inferior orbital fissure
inferior orbital groove
infrerior orbital canal
Lateral:

31. Supraorbital notch
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal groove
Inferior orbital fissure
Infraorbital groove
Infraorbital foramen

32. Bony nasal cavity Roof: cribriform plate of ethmoid Floor: bony palate
Lateral wall
Three nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
Nasal meatus underlying each concha (superior, middle and inferior)
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
above superior nasal concha
Medial wall: nasal septum
Anterior ―piriform aperture
Posterior ―posterior nasal aperture communicates with pharynx

33. The roof, the median septum, the floor
Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate
vomer
Nasal cartilage
maxillae
Palatine bones

34. Superior concha
Superior meatus
Middle concha
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
Inferior nasal concha

35. Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus
Lies in frontal bone, deep to superciliary arch
Drains to anterior part of middle meatus

36. Maxillary sinus Largest paired sinus, lie in the body of maxilla;
Opening into middle nasal meatus

37. Sphenoidal sinus Lies in body of sphenoid bone
Ethmoidal cellules
Lie in ethmoidal bone, contains large number of air cells, divided into anterior, middle and posterior groups
Anterior and middle groups drain into middle nasal meatus, while posterior group drains into superior nasal meatus
Sphenoidal sinus Lies in body of sphenoid bone
Drain into sphenoethmoidal recess

38. General characters of the skull at birth
The skull at birth is large in proportion to rest of the skeleton ―1/4 (adult 1/7)
The facial portion equals about one eight that of the cranium in size, whereas in adult it is one half (1/4)
Many bones consist of more than one piece
Cranial frontanelles ―unossified membrane between the bones at the angles of parietal
Anterior frontanelle ―closes during middle of 2nd year
Posterior frontanelle ―closes by the end of 6 month after birth

39. Highlights Introduction Osteology
Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes.
Osteology
Structure and classification of bones.
Formation of the bones of trunk.
The common characteristic of the vertebrae.
The main characteristic of different vertebrae.
Formation and characteristic of ribs.
Subsection of the sternum.
Definition of sternal angle and costal arch.

40. The primary structure of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna.
Name of the bones of hand.
The primary structure of the hip bone, femur, tibia and fibula.
Name of the bones of foot.
The primary structure of the internal and external surface of the base of skull.
The main structure of the superior, the posterior aspect and the lateral view of skull.
The structure of orbit and bony nasal cavity. Names, position and opens of the paranasal sinuses.