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Better Terrestrial living – origin of the amniotes Part 7
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Amniotes Amphibians 2 terrestrial tetrapod groups
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Amniotes reptile/bird, mammal + (many extinct things ) (Lepospondyli) 1.
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Temnospondyli 2. Amphibians + (many) extinct things
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Amniota
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lobe-fin fish †early tetrapods: labyrinthodonts, ichthyostegans, “fish-o-pods” Lepospondyli, †Anthracosaurs Amnoita Temnospondyli Class Amphibia † various dead ends
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not quite amniotes Lepospondyli, †Anthracosaurs
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Amnoita
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Amnoita (living)
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Deriving Amniotes
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Carboniferous – warm and wet
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Carboniferous – “amphibian” paradise
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Permian – cooler and drier
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Paleozoic is the age of fishes and “amphibians”
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Post-Paleozoic is the age of amniotes
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Amnoita
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Patterns in Skull Evolution
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Pre-Amniote /early amniote Captorhinus
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Captorhinus aguti Pre-Amniote / early amniote
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Early Amniote
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anapsid Skulls Pre- & early Amniote
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Anapsid Pre- & early Amniote Captorhinus aguti jaw muscles
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Jaw muscles
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anapsid skull and jaw muscles (beneath skull bones) pre-amniote / early amniote
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anapsid skull and jaw muscles pre-amniote Anapsid condition
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amniote foramen pre-amniote Anapsid condition Synapsid condition
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Proto-mammal Modern mammal
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Skull re-arranged to accommodate jaw muscles Old NEW
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Anapsid Diapsid Skulls Re-arranged to accommodate jaw muscles
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No foramen foramena present diapsid – 2 openings anapsid
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Early diapsid Petrolacosaurus
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Anapsid Synapsid Skulls Re-arranged to accommodate jaw muscles
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No foramen foramen present Synapsid – 1 opening anapsid
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Early synapsid Eothyris
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Anapsid Diapsid Synapsid
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Synapsida Diapsida
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Anapsid Diapsid Synapsid
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Anapsid Diapsid Synapsid Amniote ancestor Mammals and ancestors Reptiles, birds, dinosaurs, etc.
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Anapsid anamniotes, stem amniotes
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Synapsid
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Dimetrodon
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Synapsid Modern mammal
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orbit fenestra joined with orbit Modern mammal Synapsid
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Diapsid
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orbit
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Diapsid tuatara orbit
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Diapsid Modern Lizard
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Diapsid Modern snake
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Diapsid Modern bird orbit
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Diapsid Mesozoic reptile orbit
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Turtles
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are diapsids with a (secondarily acquired) anapsid skull
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Fenestration
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Clear proof of diapsids on Mars NASA Photos
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As seen on the internet
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Moving away from water
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Amniotic Egg
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Fish Amphibian Amniote
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Internal Fertilization
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No more gill breathing – even in larvae amphibian larvae
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Body covering Dry and dead
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Amniote skin
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Scales …. Not all the same
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Scales fish scales = dermal amniote scales = epidermal
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Keratin present in anamniotes – but not widely employed
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Respiration
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Anamniotes – Positive Pressure Breathing
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Amniotes – negative pressure breathing
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Amniotes – No more cutaneous respiration
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Jaw rearrangements
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amphibians lungs lungs and gills gills
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Circulation lungs amphibiansreptiles lungs and gills
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Osmotic balance and waste elimination evolution of kidneys
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Locomotion
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Lobe fin fish
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Senses
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The big split anapsid anamniote synapsid diapsid
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The big split
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Synapsid lineage
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Diapsid radiation
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Endothermy
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Greater Mobility
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Higher metabolism More heat generation better respiration better circulation heat conservation / utilization waste heat elimination diet / digestion
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What do we do with the heat?
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Diet
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Respiration
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Circulation
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