0. SKELETAL SYSTEM

1. Functions of the Skeletal System
Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE
Support and Protection
Body movement
Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hemopoiesis
Storage of inorganic materials                     (salt, calcium, potassium….)

2. 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular
ORGANIZATION
About 206 bones
2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular

3. Axial Skeleton
Head, neck, trunk
Skull
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
Sternum

4. Hyoid Bone

5. Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs & Bones that connect to the
Pectoral Girdle (shoulders)
Pelvic Girdle (hips)

6. BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum

7. Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Red Marrow (blood)
Yellow Marrow (fat)
Endosteum
– lining of the medullary

8. Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Types of Bone Tissue
Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow

9. Structure of a Long Bone
Figure 6.3a-c

10. * Assignment
– Coloring of a Long Bone

11. Review the Structure of a Long Bone
Matching quiz at

12. Microscopic Structure
MATRIX - where the bone cells live
OSTEOCYTES  - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE
OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels
Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI
Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS

13. Osteocytes
Haversian Canal
Volkmann’s Canal

15. Compact Bone
BONE COLORING!

16. Test Yourself
Find the...
Haversian Canal
Volkman's Canal
Lamellae
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone

18. BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH
Intramembranous bones – flat, skull
 Endochondral bones – all other
ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas gradually turn to bone
         
PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft)
        
SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

19. Bone Development & Growth
EPIPHYSEAL DISK  (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis
These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify
Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES

20. RESORPTION
OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals,  process is called RESORPTION

22. Bone Growth

23. Bone Growth
* Assignment - Coloring of the Aging Hand

25. Types of Joints (articulations)
Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures)
Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae)
Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

26. Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate
Types of Joints
1.  Ball and Socket
2.  Hinge
3.  Pivot
4.  Saddle

27. BONES OF THE SKULL
1. Frontal - 2. Parietal Occipital - 4. Temporal Sphenoid Maxilla Mandible -
8. Zygomatic -

28. Sutures - connection points
1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones 2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones 3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

29. Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels)
Fissure - any wide gap between bones

30. Fontanels are “soft spots” on an infant’s skull

31. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL
Foramen - refers to any opening in the skull, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face
Foramen Magnum
Mental Foramen

32. Foramen Magnum
* Assignment: Skull Labeling

34. Figure 6.10

35. Figure 6.10

37. The Rest of the Bones

38. Vertebrae
Neck = cervical
Middle Back = thoracic
Lower Back = lumbar

39. Thoracic Cage

40. Pectoral Girdle

41. Bones of the Arm
Ulna goes to pinky  (P-U)
Radius goes to thumb

42. Wrist Bones For test Carpels Metacarpals Phalanges
*extra credit opportunity

43. Name the carpals for extra credit on test.

44. Pelvic Girdle

45. COXAL BONES - separated

46. Bones of the Leg

47. Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Assignment – Skeleton Labeling

50. Broken Bones

52. Warning: Next slide is graphic!

54. Identify Bones on a real skeleton • Lab Practical Test
Upcoming Assignments
The Skeleton Mystery - read about a “crime scene” and reconstruct skeletons to identify the remains
Watch a Bones Episode
Identify Bones on a real skeleton • Lab Practical Test
Medical Imaging – learn how doctors view bones and diagnose problems

55. TEST INFORMATION
Test will cover everything in your notes and on the slides presented in class
Visit biologycorner.com for study aids
A second test will occur that covers the lab portion

56. Abnormal Bone Conditions
BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel).
OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous.
Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger.
The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.

57. Osteoporosis
Figure 6.15

58. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity
Source: 

59. ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine
KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve
LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.
ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

60. SCOLIOSIS

61. LORDOSIS

62. ANKYLOSIS

63. FUN FACTS ABOUT BONESBone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone.
Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies.
The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total.
The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5mph.