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Basics of the Neuron/glia Overview of the NS
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1. neurons – 10 to 100 billion neurons ◦ Role: - can vary tremendously in size and shape but all have 3 components cell body or soma contains genetic material, provides nutrients,
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1. neurons – 10 to 100 billion neurons can vary tremendously in size and shape but all have 3 components cell body or soma contains genetic material, provides nutrients, Dendrites Primarily responsible for receiving info from adjacent neurons
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neurons – 10 to 100 billion neurons ◦ cell body or soma dendrites axons – Primarily important for conveying info from one neuron to the next
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Information flow
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motor neurons ◦ efferent – carry info from CNS sensory neurons ◦ afferent – carry info toward CNS interneurons ◦ carry info within regions
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Glial cells provide imp supportive role: ◦ providing nutrients to neurons neurotrophic factors ◦ provide support for neurons myelin sheaths ◦ play a role in response to neuronal injury astrocytes ◦ play a role in brain development radial glia
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CNS – Central Nervous System ◦ brain, spinal cord PNS – Peripheral Nervous System
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PNS - peripheral nervous system 2 components 1. autonomic nervous system -“involuntary” -role in emotion and stress controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands two anatomically separate components
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“fight or flight” ◦ activated during emergencies, stress and/or arousal ex.
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Maintain homeostasis, energy restoration ◦ physiological changes:
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Somatic nervous system ◦ conveys sensory info to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS to the muscles 31 pairs of spinal nerves ◦ ** NERVE – BUNDLE OF AXONS OUTSIDE THE CNS
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Copyright © 2006 by Allyn and Bacon CNSPNS Clusters of cell bodies Nuclei (singular nucleus) Ganglia (singular ganglion) Bundles of axons TractsNerves
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voluntary nervous system 31 pairs of spinal nerves ◦ ** NERVE – BUNDLE OF AXONS OUTSIDE THE CNS ◦ sensory nerves
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voluntary nervous system 31 pairs of spinal nerves ◦ ** NERVE – BUNDLE OF AXONS OUTSIDE THE CNS ◦ sensory nerves afferent; dorsal roots dorsal root ganglion
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Section of Spinal Cord AND Spinal Nerves
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◦ motor nerves ventral cell bodies in ventral horn efferents
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Section of Spinal Cord AND Spinal Nerves
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Importance of the location of injury in spinal cord in understanding the type and extent of damage that a person with spinal cord injury will have
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Importance of the location of injury in spinal cord in understanding the type and extent of damage that a person with spinal cord injury will have dermatome map
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Cervical – green Thoracic- blue Lumbar- purple Sacral- red
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Importance of the location of injury in spinal cord in understanding the type and extent of damage that a person with spinal cord injury will have A high cervical injury vs a low thoracic injury will result in very different outcome!!!!
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Christopher Reeve’s damage was between C1 and C2
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-brought to the attention of many the need for research in spinal cord injury - strong advocates of stem cell research -changed our beliefs about spinal cord injury
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Cranial nerves primarily serve head and face
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Cranial nerves Differences between cranial nerves and motor/sensory nerves ◦ Cranial go directly into brain (rather than spinal cord) ◦ Cranial can be sensory, motor or both
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sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia
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Cranial nerves primarily serve head and face
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Touch tongue to your soft palate.tongue ◦ Underside of tongue may be warmer than the top (which probably cooled by the Slurpee you just chugged. Drink something warm Drink Make a mask with your hands to cover your mouth and nose. Breathe quickly, raising the temperature inside your mouth.Breathe quickly Press a warm thumb against your palate. Wait it out.
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Swelling or compression of the 7th cranial nerve ◦ causes: ◦ treatment: ◦ recovery:
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How is it protected? ◦ Skull obvious - advantages of skull less obvious - disadvantage- closed head injury coup - site of injury contre coup
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How is it protected? ◦ Skull ◦ CSF - cerebrospinal fluid CSF production
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How is it protected? –Skull –CSF - cerebrospinal fluid CSF production –role of ventricles ADV: DISADV: »hydrocephaly
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How is it protected? ◦ Skull ◦ CSF - cerebrospinal fluid ◦ meninges
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meninges- infections within the meninges – bacteria – bacterial meningitis viral – viral meningitis
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How is it protected? ◦ Skull ◦ CSF - cerebrospinal fluid ◦ meninges ◦ blood brain barrier
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Gray matter- ◦ Butterfly shaped ◦ Contains cell bodies
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Gray matter
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Gray matter- white matter- axons
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Section of Spinal Cord AND Spinal Nerves
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Gray matter- white matter spinal tracts – bundle of axons inside the CNS
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3 main divisions of brain ◦ hindbrain; midbrain; forebrain Metencephalon myelencephalon Mesencephalon Telencephalon diencephalon
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medulla
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medulla pons hindbrain
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medulla ◦ basic reflexes heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, vomiting many cranial nerves enter through the medulla
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Copyright © 2006 by Allyn and Bacon
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medulla pons
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medulla pons hindbrain
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medulla pons cerebellum-
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medulla pons hindbrain
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medulla pons cerebellum- ◦ balance and coordination ◦ motor memory
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Sensory information movement ◦ substantia nigra -
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Cerebral cortex ◦ role of convolutions
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Frontal ◦ Motor function
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frontal
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Frontal ◦ Motor function ◦ Prefrontal – higher “executive function”
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Prefrontal cortex
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Frontal ◦ Motor function Prefrontal – higher “executive function” Parietal ◦ Somatosensory function
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frontal parietal
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Frontal ◦ Motor function Prefrontal – higher “executive function” Parietal ◦ Somatosensory function Temporal ◦ Audition ◦ Emotion
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frontal parietal temporal
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Frontal ◦ Motor function Prefrontal – higher “executive function” Parietal ◦ Somatosensory function Temporal ◦ Audition ◦ emotion Occipital ◦ vision
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frontal parietal temporal occipital
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Different roles for primary and association ◦ Start with primary motor since it is different than the others!
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Primary motor ◦ Sends commands to muscles (via motor neurons)
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primary motor strip
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Primary motor ◦ Sends commands to muscles Association cortex ◦ Sends coordinated commands to primary motor cortex
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Motor association cortex
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Primary sensory cortex – ◦ Receives sensory input from that sensory system Association cortex- ◦ Interprets the input (info) that comes in from the sensory neurons
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Association cortex
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Visual association cortex
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Auditory association cortex
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thalamus – important relay for sensory and motor information has tremendous projections of neurons across many regions of the cerebral cortex
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The thalamus communicates with much of the cerebral cortex - serving as a sensory and motor information relay.
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hypothalamus ◦ 4 F’s – feeding, fleeing, fighting and copulating ◦ hypothalamus contains many nuclei (collections of cell bodies in CNS) also…. controls maternal behaviors (at least in rodents) thirst and drinking
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Two brothers – same exact age. One with a lesion (damage) to a nucleus in the hypothalamus
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limbic system – number of structures important in emotion ◦ limbic system also includes the hippocampus – important for learning and memory!
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basal ganglia ◦ important in Parkinsons Disease
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corpus callosum – sole purpose of the corpus callosum is to serve as a “bridge” between left and right hemispheres ◦ contains millions and millions of axons ◦ allows left and right side of brain to know what each other is doing!
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Corpus callosum
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