1. Galena Park High School
Skeletal System
Instructor: Terry E. Jones

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I. Function
A. Support 1. Framework that holds the body upright 2. Provides an anchor for soft tissues and organs

3. A&P Protection 1. Cranial bones protect brain
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Protection
1. Cranial bones protect brain
2. Ribs protect heart and lungs
3. Vertebrae protect the spinal
cord

4. A&P C. Movement 1. Muscles attach to bones 2. Act like levers to allow
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C. Movement
1. Muscles attach to bones
2. Act like levers to allow
movement or contraction

5. A&P D. Storage 1. Stores and releases calcium
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D. Storage
1. Stores and releases calcium
2. Stores and releases phosphorus
Blood Cell Formation
1. Red Blood Cells
2. White Blood Cells

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II. Anatomy
A. Types of Bones 1. Long Bones a. Compact tissue b. Legs, arms

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2. Short Bones a. Spongy, cube shape b. Wrist and ankle bones 3. Flat Bones a. Thin or flat b. Ribs and cranial bones

8. A&P 4. Irregular Bones a. No specific shape b. Hips, and vertebrae
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4. Irregular Bones a. No specific shape b. Hips, and vertebrae

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B. Long Bone Structure 1. Diaphysis a. Shaft of the bone b. Contains yellow marrow c. Connective tissue fibers

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2. Epiphysis a. Ends of the Bones b. Contains spongy tissue c. Covered with articular cartilage for contact protection with other bones

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3. Yellow Bone Marrow a. Stores fat or adipose tissue b. The cavity of the diaphysis c. In babies, it makes blood cells

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4. Red Bone Marrow a. Found in the spongy area of the epiphyses in adults b. Also found in flat bones of ribs c. Produces as many as 500 billion blood cells a day

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C. Growth and Development 1. Ossification-making bones a. Embryos are mostly cartilage b. Young children have cartilage replaced by bone c. A young bone is cartilage covered with a bone matrix

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d. As the child grows, the cartilage is replaced with bone tissue e. The medullary cavity is formed f. By birth all cartilage has been replaced except on ends

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g. Bones grow longer at the epiphyseal plate h. Osteoblasts build bone tissue. i. Osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium when the body needs it j. New skeleton about every 10 years

16. A&P III. Homeostasis Rickets 1. Bone does not calcify
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III. Homeostasis
Rickets
1. Bone does not calcify
2. Caused by a lack of calcium and
Vitamin D in the diet
3. Causes bones to bend

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B. Fractures 1. Commuted Fracture a. Breaks into many piece b. Old brittle bones 2. Compressed Fracture a. Bone is crushed b. Common in porous bone

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3. Depressed Fracture a. Bone forced inward b. Skull fractures 4. Impacted Fracture a. Broken bones forced into each other b. Caused by trying to stop a fall

19. A&P 5. Spiral Fracture a. Caused by a twisting motion
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5. Spiral Fracture
a. Caused by a twisting motion
b. Typical in sports fractures
4. Greenstick Fracture
a. Bone is completely broken
b. Broken ends often protrude
through the skin

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IV. Axial Skeleton
A. Common Bones 1. Skull 2. Vertebrae 3. Bony thorax – rib cage

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B. Cranium- Eight Bones 1. Frontal (1) - Forehead 2. Parietal (2) - Side and Top of skull 3. Temporal (2)- Side bottom 4. Occipital (1) – Back of skull 5. Sphenoid (1) – sides of head and orbits of eyes 6. Ethmoid (1) – Side of nose, part of eye orbit

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C. Facial Bones – 14 Bones 1. Maxillae (2) – upper jaw under nose 2. Palantine (2) – Posterior roof of mouth 3. Zygomatic (2)- Cheek Bone 4. Lacrimal (2) – Part of orbits, thumbnail size 5. Nasal(2) – Sides of nose

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6. Vomer (1) – Septum of the nose 7. Mandible (1) – Lower Jaw Bone 8. Conchae (2) – Nasal bones , attached to ethmoid bones

24. A&P C. Hyoid Bone (1) 1. Only bone not articulated with another bone
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C. Hyoid Bone (1)
1. Only bone not articulated with
another bone
Fetal Skull
1. Not fully formed when born
2. Has soft spots- fontanels
3. Allows skull to distort for birth
because humans have big heads

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D. Vertebral Column. 26 Bones 1. Cervical Vertebrae (7) Neck 2. Thoracic Vertebra (12) Chest 3. Lumbar(5)- Lower Back 4. Sacrum (1) – 5 fused vertebrae 5. coccyx(2) – 4 fused vertebrae

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6. Flexible column 7. Protects the spinal cord 8. Transfers weight of upper body to lower limbs vertebrae

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E. Bony Thorax - 25 Bones 1. Ribs (24) Chest, rib cage 2. Sternum (1) – Breast bone 3. Protects the heart, lungs,liver and stomach

28. V. Appendicular Skeleton
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V. Appendicular Skeleton
A. Common Bones -126 Bones 1. Arms and Legs 2. Pelvic Girdle 3. Pectoral Girdle

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B. Pectoral Girdle 1. Clavicle (2) Collar bone 2. Scapula (2) Shoulder blade 3. Scapula has the socket for the upper arm to fit in.

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C. Upper Limbs 1. Humerus (2) – upper Arm 2. Radius (2) – Forearm, allows twisting 3. Ulna(2) – Forearm next to radius

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D. Hands 1. Carpals (8) – Each Wrist 2. Metacarpals (5) – Each hand 3. Phalanges (14) –Fingers of each hand One hand has 27 bones. Both hands have 54 bones total.

32. A&P E. Pelvic Girdle - Hips 1. Coxal Bones (2)
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E. Pelvic Girdle - Hips
1. Coxal Bones (2)
2. The girdle also includes the sacrum
and coccyx from the axial bones
Upper Leg
1. Femur (2) – Thigh bone
2. Has round end that fits the girdle
socket

33. A&P 4. Fibula (2) Bones – shin Bone 5. Tibia (2) Smaller Bone
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4. Fibula (2) Bones – shin Bone
5. Tibia (2) Smaller Bone
6. Patella (2) Knee Caps
Feet
1. Tarsals (7) – Each Ankle
2. Metatarsals (5) Each Foot
3. Phalanges (14) – Toes
Both feet have a total of 56 bones

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VI. Joints
A. Basics 1. Location where two or more bones articulate 2. Articulated areas covered with cartilage 3. Allow muscle to move bones.

35. A&P B. Fibrous joints 1. Connected by tissue
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B. Fibrous joints
1. Connected by tissue
2. Bones of the skull – suture lines
Cartilagenous Joints
1. Joints connected by cartilage
2. Cartilage discs between
vertebrae

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D. Synovial Joints 1. Joint enclosed by fluid cavity 2. Reinforced by ligaments E. Types of synovial Joints 1. Plane joint a. gliding motion, no pivot around an axis b. Joints in the wrist

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F. Hinge Joints 1. Round bone fits in a trough 2. Moves on one plane only 3. Elbow G. Pivot Joints 1. One bone fits in ring of another bone 2. Pivot between radius and ulna

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H. Condyloid Joints 1. Ends of both bones are oval 2. Moves back and forth and side to side 3. Knuckles on the hands I. Saddle Joints 1. Similar to Condyloid 2. Thumbs

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J. Ball and Socket Joints 1. Round end of one bone fits into a socket on another 2. Femur and hip 3. Humerus and Shoulder