1. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.  Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data shown with branching tree diagrams

3. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. Each species in a clade has traits that have changed. Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

4. FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. Tetrapoda clade Amniota clade Reptilia clade Diapsida clade Archosauria clade EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. 2 SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE NODE: Most recent common ancestor Characteristic CLADE

5. FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS As you move up a cladogram, you are building upon the characteristics found before it. You are becoming more specific. As you move up a cladogram, you are building upon the characteristics found before it. You are becoming more specific. Ex: Tetrapoda only has 4 limbs. Amniotes have 4 limbs and an embryo protected by amniotic fluid. Reptiles have 4 limbs, amniotic fluid and 2 skull openings behind the eye, etc… Ex: Tetrapoda only has 4 limbs. Amniotes have 4 limbs and an embryo protected by amniotic fluid. Reptiles have 4 limbs, amniotic fluid and 2 skull openings behind the eye, etc… Tetrapoda clade Amniota clade Reptilia clade Diapsida clade Archosauria clade EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. 2 SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE NODE: Most recent common ancestor Characteristic CLADE

6. Making a Cladogram In the last lab you classified living things like Linnaeus did: using physical characteristics. Since the science behind genetics and paleontology further developed in the 20 th century we found that lots of living things were placed in incorrect groups. Let’s try to classify these animals using both their physical characteristics and what we now know from fossils and DNA analysis.

8. A. Lizard B. Bird C. Bat

9. A. Hippo B. Walrus C. Shark

10. A. Tasmanian Devil B. Rhino C. Walrus

11. A. Walrus B. Hippo C. Zebra

12. A. Lizard B. Bird C. Bat Proteins, Fossils

13. A. Hippo B. Walrus C. Shark DNA, Fossils

14. A. Tasmanian Devil B. Rhino C. Walrus Placental carnivores

15. A. Walrus B. Hippo A. Zebra Odd-toed ungulates

16. Arrange the animals listed below on the cladogram. Alligator Shark Hippo Zebra Bird Whale Tasmanian Devil Rhino

17. Alligator Shark Whale Hippo Zebra Rhino Bird Tasmanian Devil

18. Alligator Shark Whale Hippo Zebra Rhino Bird T. Devil Jaws Legs Live Birth Fur/Hair Hooves Even Toes Odd Toes Shelled eggs Possible Solutions (No legs) (Feathers) (Scales) (Marsupial) (Terrestrial) (Aquatic) (Stripes) (Horn)

19. Alligator (Scales) Shark (No legs) Whale (Aquatic) Hippo (Terrestrial) Zebra (Stripes) Rhino (Horn) Bird (Feathers) T. Devil (Marsupial) Jaws Legs Live Birth Fur/Hair Hooves Even Toes Odd Toes Shelled eggs Common Ancestry Where on the cladogram would you find the common ancestor for hippos and whales? Indohyus Where on the cladogram would you find the common ancestor for all these animals? Pikaia