1. Population Management

2. Minimum Viable Population The smallest population for a species which can be expected to survive for a long time Many factors effect MVP – the study of those factors is often called Population Viability Analysis – or Population Vulnerability Analysis – or PVA

3. English Skylark

6. Metapopulations

7. Metapopulation A series of small, separate populations united together by dispersal Thus even if all members of one population go extinct, other populations survive and dispersal from survivor populations can recolonize the area – a rescue effect

8. Metapopulation Dynamics

9. Bay Checkerspot Butterfly

10. Population dynamics of Bay Checkerspot Butterfly

11. Bay Checkerspot Jasper Ridge

12. Species persistence in metapopulations Varies with factors effecting extinction and colonization such as: Distances between patches Species dispersal ability Number of patches

13. Types of Metapopulations

15. Possible mountain (desert bighorn) sheep dispersal routes Dispersal corridors predicted by the best-fitting dispersal model (15/0̣10) and the HM population model, depicted with hill-shade topography. Black lines indicate least-costly corridor routes for corridors with, yellow lines indicate least-costly corridor routes that (a) were severed by anthropogenic barriers; or (b) were re- established by translocated populations. Corridors are presented based on (a) all extant populations within the study area, with and without current anthropogenic barriers considered; and (b) extant populations with and without those successfully reestablished by translocation, with current anthropogenic barriers considered. Epps et al. 2007

16. Furbish’s Lousewort

17. Population Management

18. We will discuss techniques we will need to use to save species after we have already learned its basic population structure and the factors effecting it We will concentrate on techniques for: providing resources that may be scarce such as food or water controlling threats such as predators, especially human predators directly manipulating populations such as moving individuals to new sites

19. Providing Resources

20. Coal tit at bird feeder in the U.K.

21. Tufted Titmouse

22. Distribution of Tufted Titmouse

23. California Condor

24. California Condor distribution – Pre-Historic

25. California Condor in Southern California

26. American Burying Beetle

28. Feeding animals has two potential drawbacks: 1) it may foster long-term dependence on people, leaving animals vulnerable to starvation when feeding stops; 2) feeding concentrates animals and may make it easier for diseases to spread or for predators to find them

29. Cooper’s Hawk

30. Cooper’s Hawk at Bird Feeder

31. Black Bear at Bird Feeder

32. Chimps Eating

33. Small Whorled Pogonia

34. Adding water – Houbara Bustard

35. Houbara Bustard

36. Physical Environment - Thornber’s Fishhook Cactus

37. Saguaro Cacti with Palo Verde Nurse Tree

38. Red-cockaded woodpecker

39. Red-cockaded woodpecker distribution

40. Red cockaded woodpecker nest

41. Artificial Reefs

44. Hedgerows in England

45. Hedge row complexity

47. Species Interactions – Black-footed Ferret

48. Black-tailed Prairie Dog

50. Eastern Fringed Prairie Orchid

51. Distribution of Eastern Fringed Prairie Orchid

52. Sphinx Moth

53. Hand Pollinating Fringed Prairie Orchid

54. Cooperative Breeding in Red- Cockaded Woodpeckers

55. Controlling threats to populations Especially small-scale, local threats

56. Poaching – South Dakota

57. Yellow Lady-slipper Orchid

58. Letter to a Wild-flower Digger “This letter is addressed, through the columns of the State Journal, to that unknown person who last week dug up the only remaining yellow ladyslipper in the Wingra Woods. While your name is unknown, your action sufficiently portrays the low estate of either your character or your education. On the chance that the latter rather than the former is at fault, I address to you this letter. I address it to all whose gardens at this season suddenly blossom forth with new wildflowers lifted from other people’s woods.” – Aldo Leopold 1938

59. Types of Mortality Compensatory mortality occurs when human harvesting does not increase mortality above natural levels Additive mortality occurs when human harvesting does increase mortality above natural levels

60. Northern Bobwhite – Quail

61. Native American Whale Hunting

63. Limits to human caused mortality

64. Black Rhinoceros

65. Rhinoceros protection

66. Indirect threats

67. Florida Panther

68. Florida Panther Distribution

69. Panther mortality

70. Panther Road Sign and Underpass

71. Wildlife Overpass Banff NP, Canada

72. Wildlife Overpass Catalonia, Spain

73. Wildlife Overpass Netherlands

74. Red Crab Crossing - Australia

75. Grate at Entrance to Bat Cave