1. Distributed Intelligence Provides Self-Healing for the Grid
Session 5 Paper 1199

2. Distributed Intelligence
Old
Distributed Intelligence makes sense:
Traditional centralized generation and one-way power flow model is changing
Distributed Energy Resources will connect at distribution voltages
Local logic for bi-directional protection and automation acts on real-time information
Devices are becoming more intelligent and sensing more data.
Onboard computation enables calculations and decision capabilities
New

3. Smart Switching for the Smart Grid
Test 1
Test 2
Initial Trip
Time (sec)
Test 1
Test 2
Initial Trip
Fault- Pulses
Time (sec)
Sensors, communications, protection, measurements, standalone or system integrated
Recloser
IntelliRuper™
New Types of switching – “Pulse closing” significantly reduce the damaging impacting of full fault current reclosing – 98% reduction in fault energy 15

4. Point-on-Wave Closing
Closing angle = 90° (voltage peak)
symmetrical fault current
Voltage
Current

5. Point-on-Wave Closing
A closing angle of 118° after a voltage zero yields an initial minor loop
CLOSING ANGLE 118° AFTER VOLTAGE ZERO
Voltage
Current
This Is the Pulse!

6. Pulse Closing Energy
Fault I2t let-through is typically less than 2% compared to a conventional recloser
Fault 1
Fault 2
Fault 3

7. Reclosing Vs Pulse Closing Energy
Conventional reclosers
close, or
reclose
Close and reclose are the same action
three-phase group operated
random point-on-wave 7

8. Conventional Reclosing B Phase Permanent Fault
Additional Sht Ccts applied to the system
Initial Trip
Test 1
Test 2
Time (Not to Scale)

9. Pulseclosing B Phase Permanent Fault
Fault- Pulses
Fault- Pulses
Time (Not to Scale)
Initial Trip
Test 1
Test 2

10. Circuit Protection Station breaker relay curve
Min Response
Tolerance
Breaker clearing time
Downstream interrupting devices
Fuses
Reclosers
Room for more
SUBSTATION
BREAKER
MAX CLEAR
MIN RESPONSE
LARGEST FUSE
ON CIRCUIT

11. Protection Setup Substation relay settings
Enter downstream fuse characteristics
Generate Curve
TCC A1
TCC
FUSE
TCC
FUSE

12. Protection Setup Repeat process until cannot coordinate A1 A2 A3 A3 A4
TCC
FUSE
TCC
FUSE
TCC
FUSE

13. Communication Enhanced Coordination
Discrete TCC’s coordinate
Shared Curves could use CEC (future)
Key Elements
100ms minimum response
Overcurrent Detect
TCC A1
TCC A2
TCC A3
100ms
TCC A4

14. PulseFinder Non-communicating automatic sectionalizing & restoration
Coordination as much as possible
Shared curves for remaining devices

15. PulseFinder
T=0
Fault in segment 5
All PulseClosers with A3 curve trip

16. PulseFinder
T=1 sec
IR-2 pulses

17. PulseFinder
T=1 sec
IR-2 pulses and closes

18. PulseFinder
T=1.5 sec
IR-3 pulses

19. PulseFinder
T=1.5 sec
IR-3 pulses and closes

20. PulseFinder
T=2 sec
IR-4 pulses

21. PulseFinder
T=2 sec
IR-4 pulses and continues PulseClosing test sequence

22. Self Healing

23. Self Healing Each device is enabled to talk to other team members
Exchange information on voltage, current, status, capacity
With loss of supply the team knows actual system status and reconfigures network to bring on new sources while dropping load if so required according to prioritization
Requires communication between devices, lower latency reasonable bandwidth.

24. Rapid Self-Healing Normal circuit condition. Note source capacities.
100A Max
350A Max
SRC 1
SRC 2
IR1
TEAM1 60A
IR2
TEAM2 120A
IR3 0A
120A
N.O.
N.O.
IR4
TEAM3 70A
TEAM4 30A
400A Max
SRC 3
SRC 4
IR5
IR6
IR7
TEAM5 40A
IR8
260A 0A
N.O.
Normal circuit condition.
Note source capacities.
Loss of SRC 3.
IR9
TEAM6 60A

25. Rapid Self-Healing
100A Max
350A Max
SRC 1
SRC 2
IR1
TEAM1 60A
IR2
TEAM2 120A
IR3 0A
120A
N.O.
N.O.
IR4
TEAM3 70A
TEAM4 30A
400A Max
SRC 3
SRC 4
IR5
IR6
IR7
TEAM5 40A
IR8
260A 0A
N.O.
IR5 senses loss of voltage, opens, and immediately initiates Rapid Self-Healing.
IR9
TEAM6 60A

26. Rapid Self-Healing
100A Max
350A Max
SRC 1
SRC 2
IR1
TEAM1 60A
IR2
TEAM2 120A
IR3 0A
120A
N.O.
N.O.
IR4
TEAM3 70A
TEAM4 30A
400A Max
SRC 3
SRC 4
IR5
IR6
IR7
TEAM5 40A
IR8 0A
260A
N.O.
IR8 is chosen as preferred source due to higher capacity. IR5 opens and IR8 closes to restore TEAMS 1, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Restoration complete!
IR9
TEAM6 60A

27. Integration with DMS/GIS
Benefits
Only maintain one master database: GIS
Ensures restoration system in the field is up-to-date with latest field ‘as build data’
System propagates to each team member ie only one needs to be updated

28. Integration with DMS/GIS
GIS Database
Get connectivity model and device attributes

29. Integration with DMS/GIS
Display updated IT-SG configurations for user to acknowledge
Daily updates of field work, such as new devices installed, or lines reconductored
GIS Database
Automatic daily push of updated circuits

30. Integration with DMS/GIS
Display updated IT-SG configurations for user to acknowledge
DMS planning functions may desire a new “normal” configuration
DMS
Automatic push of updated circuits
GIS Database

31. Layered Intelligence™
Hybrid control systems (centralized and distributed) complement each other:
Distributed Intelligence acts in real-time for protection and restoration, takes care of the problem and reports complete status to central system
operators can then fine-tune the system
integrating Distributed Intelligence with centralized
exchange of information
example: implement “new normal” configuration
turn data (Scada) into information

32. Distributed Intelligence
Operational Time frame
Centralized Control
Distributed Intelligence

33. Systems with distributed Intelligence
Communications
Smart Switching
Existing Switching Devices:
upgrade to distributed intelligence
Substation based
Energy Storage
Status & Data
SCADA switches
Pad Mounted
Control Centre

34. Questions?